Teachers' Pedagogical Adaptation in the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Secondary School Learning

Authors

  • Syarifuddin Syarifuddin Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi YPUP Makassar
  • Pierre Marcello Lopulalan Politeknik Pelayaran Banten
  • Rudi Harun Politeknik Pelayaran Banten

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55927/ajae.v5i1.16040

Keywords:

Pedagogical Adaptation, Artificial Intelligence, Secondary School Learning, Teachers

Abstract

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in secondary education requires teachers to adapt pedagogically to sustain meaningful learning. This mixed-methods study examines teachers’ pedagogical adaptation in using AI, focusing on learning strategies, assessment, classroom management, and professional readiness. The findings show that effective adaptation is shaped by teachers’ digital competence, institutional support, and prior experience. Teachers who successfully integrate AI adopt learner-centered approaches, use AI for personalized learning and formative assessment, and act as learning facilitators. However, limited training, ethical concerns, and unequal access remain challenges. The study highlights the need for continuous professional development, supportive policies, and clear pedagogical frameworks to ensure AI enhances learning quality.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alam, A. (2021). Possibilities and apprehensions in the landscape of artificial intelligence in education. Education and Information Technologies, 26(6), 6737–6756. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10531-x

Bayne, S., Knox, J., & Ross, J. (2020). Artificial intelligence and education: Questioning the assumptions of technological progress. Teaching in Higher Education, 25(2), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2020.1722733

Bozkurt, A., et al. (2021). A global outlook to the interruption of education due to COVID-19 pandemic: Navigating in a time of uncertainty and crisis. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 1–126.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE Publications.

Celik, I., Aydin, M., & Kocabas, I. (2022). Teachers' integration of artificial intelligence into education: A systematic review. Educational Technology Research and Development, 70(3), 1125–1147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-022-10094-0

Chen, L., Chen, P., & Lin, Z. (2020). Artificial intelligence in education: A review. IEEE Access, 8, 75264–75278. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2988510

Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.

Dexter, S. (2018). The role of leadership for information technology in education. Educational Technology Research and Development, 66(3), 1–15.

Falloon, G. (2020). From digital literacy to digital competence: The teacher digital competency (TDC) framework. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(5), 2449–2472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09767-4

Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2022). Artificial intelligence in education: Promises and implications for teaching and learning. Center for Curriculum Redesign.

Howard, S. K., & Mozejko, A. (2022). Teachers' pedagogical adaptation to digital innovation. Computers & Education, 182, 104464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104464

Hwang, G. J., & Tu, Y. F. (2021). Roles and research trends of artificial intelligence in education: A review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100001

Ifenthaler, D., & Schumacher, C. (2023). Artificial intelligence literacy for educators. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100103

Kong, S. C., Cheung, W. M. Y., & Zhang, G. (2021). Teachers' attitudes toward artificial intelligence in education. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 24(4), 1–15.

Kong, S. C., Yang, M., & Wong, T. L. (2022). Teacher development in AI-supported learning environments. Educational Technology & Society, 25(1), 1–14.

Laurillard, D. (2012). Teaching as a design science: Building pedagogical patterns for learning and technology. Routledge.

Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE Publications.

Long, D., & Magerko, B. (2020). What is AI literacy? Competencies and design considerations. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376727

Luo, T., Wang, S., & Li, Y. (2024). Teachers' professional development for AI integration: A systematic review. Computers & Education, 195, 104679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104679

Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.

Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017–1054.

Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Chu, S. K. W., & Qiao, M. S. (2023). AI literacy: Definition, teaching, and assessment. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100123

Ouyang, F., & Jiao, P. (2021). Artificial intelligence in education: The three paradigms. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100020

Palinkas, L. A., et al. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y

Pedro, F., Subosa, M., Rivas, A., & Valverde, P. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable development. UNESCO Working Papers.

Regan, P. M., & Jesse, J. (2019). Ethical challenges of AI in education. AI and Ethics, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-019-00008-4

Scherer, R., Siddiq, F., & Tondeur, J. (2021). The technology acceptance model revisited. Computers & Education, 162, 104093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104093

Selwyn, N. (2022). Education and technology: Key issues and debates (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic.

Teräs, M., Suoranta, J., Teräs, H., & Curcher, M. (2020). Post-COVID-19 education and education technology. Learning, Media and Technology, 45(4), 1–15.

Trust, T., Whalen, J., & Brown, S. (2023). Reframing teacher roles in AI-supported learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 71(2), 1–20.

Tondeur, J., et al. (2021). Preparing teachers for technology integration. Educational Technology Research and Development, 69(1), 321–343.

Williamson, B., & Eynon, R. (2020). Historical threads and future directions of AI in education. Learning, Media and Technology, 45(3), 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2020.1798995

Zawacki-Richter, O., Marin, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2020). Systematic review of AI applications in higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(39), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0

Zhai, X., He, P., & Liu, X. (2023). Artificial intelligence literacy education for teachers. Computers & Education, 186, 104539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104539

Zhu, Z. T., Yu, M. H., & Riezebos, P. (2022). A research framework of smart education. Smart Learning Environments, 9(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-022-00195-6

Published

2026-01-31

How to Cite

Syarifuddin, S., Lopulalan, P. M., & Harun, R. (2026). Teachers’ Pedagogical Adaptation in the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Secondary School Learning. Asian Journal of Applied Education (AJAE), 5(1), 79–92. https://doi.org/10.55927/ajae.v5i1.16040