The Papuan border area is a strategic area that has complex challenges, both in terms of geostrategic, security, and health. One of the important actors in maintaining sovereignty and stability in this region is the TNI Border Security Task Force (Satgas Pamtas), which serves in remote and hard-to-reach areas. Geographical challenges, lack of infrastructure, and high operational burdens make the health condition of Task Force personnel a crucial factor that must be maintained (Suryana, 2017); (SIPAHUTAR et al., n.d.).

One of the significant health threats in the region is malaria, an infectious disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite and transmitted through the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Malaria remains a global health problem, with more than 229 million cases and 400,000 deaths in 2020, especially in tropical regions such as Southeast Asia and Africa (WHO, 2020). Papua, including the border area with Papua New Guinea (PNG), is the region with the highest incidence of malaria (Annual Parasite Incidence/API) in Indonesia, which is 31.93 per 1,000 population in 2023, far above the national average of 0.84 (Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2023).

This condition not only has an impact on the local community, but also on the personnel of the TNI Pamtas Task Force. Data shows that the incidence of malaria among Task Force personnel increased by 15% in the period 2020–2023, with more than 30% of cases classified as moderate to severe, and caused an average loss of combat time of 14 days per individual, and incurred a burden of treatment costs of IDR 25-30 million per case (TNI Health Center, 2023). This confirms that malaria has a direct operational impact on the task force's combat readiness.

As a form of mitigation, the TNI Health Center (TNI Health Center) has implemented various biosecurity strategies, such as the distribution of insecticide mosquito nets, the provision of prophylactic drugs, and health counseling. However, the effectiveness of this strategy is still not optimal due to low compliance with standard operating procedures (SOPs), limited logistics distribution, and lack of training and health infrastructure in the duty area (TNI Health Center, 2023). The limitations of digital monitoring systems, high personnel mobility, and lack of cross-sector collaboration are also inhibiting factors.

In this context, the transformation of biosecurity strategies is an important agenda to strengthen the health resilience of military personnel in border areas. However, until now, there have not been many studies that systematically analyze the effectiveness of biosecurity in the operational context of the Pamtas Task Force, especially in endemic areas such as Papua. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the implementation of biosecurity strategies by the TNI Health Center in preventing malaria in the Papua border area, identify the main challenges in its implementation, and develop an adaptive biosecurity transformation model to support the goal of Malaria Elimination 2030.

This study uses a mix-method approach, which combines quantitative and qualitative techniques. Quantitative data was collected through surveys and questionnaires that focused on personnel compliance with biosecurity protocols and malaria incidence, while qualitative data was obtained through interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and observational studies at various Task Force posts.

The implementation of biosecurity strategies by the TNI Health Center has proven effective in reducing the incidence of malaria among Pamtas Task Force personnel in the Papua border area. Interventions such as the use of insecticide mosquito nets, uniforms with pemmethrin, and the administration of prophylactic drugs have had a significant impact on disease control. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of this strategy still faces various challenges in the field.

One of the main obstacles is the geographical condition of the border area of Papua which is difficult to reach and the lack of medical infrastructure, making it difficult to distribute preventive equipment logistics in a timely and equitable manner. This challenge is exacerbated by the emergence of malaria vector resistance to insecticides which has been the main focus in control (WHO, 2020). This resistance decreases the effectiveness of IRS spraying and necessitates more adaptive strategy adjustments.

In response to these conditions, innovation in the application of biosecurity is urgently needed. One of them is the use of mobile health technology (mHealth) to monitor the health condition of personnel in real-time and facilitate the reporting of early symptoms of malaria (Biadglegne et al., 2014). This digital innovation has the potential to increase the speed of detection and intervention of malaria cases, especially in remote locations.

In addition to technological innovation, a cross-sectoral collaborative approach is also very important. Collaboration between the TNI Health Center, regional health agencies, and local communities can strengthen education on the use of mosquito nets and improve environmental sanitation. A study by Ayele et al. (2016) shows that community involvement in environmental management contributes significantly to reducing mosquito habitat, which directly supports the success of prevention efforts.

Thus, the effectiveness of biosecurity in border areas is determined not only by the availability of tools and medicines, but also by technological support, cross- sectoral synergy and active community participation. This effort must continue to be strengthened so that the protection of Pamtas Task Force personnel can take place in a sustainable and adaptive manner to the evolving challenges.

Malaria is one of the main challenges in maintaining the health of Pamtas Task Force personnel in the Papua border area. Given the difficult geographical challenges, the implementation of biosecurity by the TNI Health Center has proven effective in reducing the risk of malaria infection among troops. Based on data from the TNI Health Center, the consistent use of insecticide mosquito nets, pemmethrin-coated clothing, and prophylactic drugs has succeeded in reducing the number of malaria cases by 25% from 350 cases in 2020 to 260 cases in 2023. In addition, the decrease in the number of lost working days reached 33%, showing a positive impact on the operational readiness of the Pamtas Task Force.

However, challenges remain, especially related to the resistance of Anopheles mosquitoes to the insecticides used, which can reduce the effectiveness of malaria control. Research by Rahman et al. (2024) reveals that this resistance is becoming a serious problem that requires innovation, such as the use of new generation insecticides or biology- and genetics-based approaches. In addition, logistical constraints are also a major obstacle in the smooth distribution of biosecurity equipment to remote Task Force posts, with supplies only available once every six months.

The use of digital technologies, such as mobile apps for real-time malaria monitoring, offers solutions to accelerate responses to outbreaks in remote areas. This technology allows officers to get updates on personnel health conditions quickly, facilitating more efficient diagnosis and treatment. In addition, cross-

sectoral cooperation between the TNI Health Center, local governments, and local communities is key in strengthening preventive measures. Local communities have an important role to play in identifying mosquito breeding sites and participating in prevention activities, such as the use of mosquito nets and improving environmental sanitation.

The SWOT analysis shows that although the biosecurity measures have shown positive results, there are some areas that need improvement. On the internal weakness side, increased consistency in the use of malaria prophylaxis and more systematic case monitoring is essential. Meanwhile, external challenges such as a climate that supports mosquito growth and high personnel mobility require defensive strategies that can reduce the risk of malaria spread, such as increased distribution of prophylactic drugs and better sanitation management.

The development of a more advanced technology-based monitoring system is also proposed as a strategic step to detect potential outbreaks more quickly, so that treatment can be provided immediately. In this regard, cooperation with international organizations such as WHO and academic institutions for malaria research and technology development is very important to accelerate the elimination of malaria in the border region of Papua by 2030. By strengthening the integration between biosecurity, technology, and cross-sectoral collaboration, malaria control efforts in the Pamtas Task Force are expected to be more effective, paving the way for the achievement of the 2030 Malaria Elimination target.

The implementation of biosecurity strategies by the TNI Health Center in the Pamtas Task Force for malaria prevention in the Papuan border area has shown significant results in reducing the incidence of malaria. The use of insecticidal mosquito nets and prophylactic drugs has been shown to reduce the risk of malaria, with a 30% and 25% reduction in incidence respectively. However, major challenges remain, especially in the logistical and vector resistance aspects, which hinder the effectiveness of malaria control.

In addition, the success of malaria prevention efforts also depends on the consistency of monitoring, the availability of resources, and the adaptability of interventions to local environmental conditions. Strengthening coordination between military health services, local health authorities, and communities is essential to ensure the continuity and scalability of these programs. Without addressing these systemic and contextual challenges, the sustainability of malaria control efforts in the border region may be at risk.

Some recommendations that need to be considered to improve the effectiveness of biosecurity include: improving health infrastructure in border areas, developing real-time health monitoring technology, and intensive training for Task Force personnel on malaria prevention. Good environmental management is also the key to reducing the breeding grounds for malaria-vector mosquitoes. In addition, research and development in malaria vector management innovations, such as new insecticides and genetic-based technologies, need to be encouraged to address growing resistance.

Cross-sectoral cooperation between the TNI Health Center, local governments, health institutions, and local communities is very important to strengthen malaria control efforts. Improving the monitoring and evaluation system is also an important step to ensure the effectiveness of the implementation of biosecurity strategies. With these steps, it is hoped that Indonesia can achieve the 2030 Malaria Elimination target, especially in the Papuan border area.

Further study is recommended to comprehensively evaluate the long- term sustainability and impact of biosecurity strategies implemented by the TNI Health Center in the Pamtas Task Force, particularly in the context of malaria prevention in remote and high-risk border areas such as Papua. This includes in- depth analysis of logistical challenges that may affect the consistent distribution and use of preventive measures such as insecticidal mosquito nets and prophylactic drugs.

Additionally, further research is needed to understand the patterns and causes of vector resistance to insecticides, which could undermine current prevention strategies. Exploring community engagement, environmental factors, and adaptive strategies will also be essential in developing more resilient and effective malaria control programs in these vulnerable regions.