Asian Journal of Healthcare Analytics

Community-Based Interventions to Reduce Stigma Toward Families of People with Schizophrenia

Anipah — 2026-05-13

Social stigma toward families of people with mental disorders (ODGJ), particularly schizophrenia, remains a significant issue in communities and negatively affects social support and family well-being. This community service activity aimed to improve public understanding and reduce stigma toward families of people with schizophrenia through community-based interventions. The implementation methods included mental health education, counseling about schizophrenia, and community discussions involving residents in the Jambi City area. The activity was conducted over one month through preparation, implementation, and evaluation stages using a simple questionnaire. The results indicated increased community knowledge and more positive attitudes toward families of people with mental disorders. Community-based interventions demonstrate potential to strengthen social support and enhance community acceptance of families of people with schizophrenia.

Self-Expandable Metallic Stent Placement for Radiation-Induced Esophageal Stricture: A Case Report

Annisa Zahra Mufida — 2026-06-02

Radiation-induced esophageal stricture (RIES) represents a severe late complication in patients receiving radiotherapy, resulting in progressive dysphagia that can significantly impair quality of life. Several therapeutic options exist, including endoscopic dilation, injection therapy, incision, self-dilatation, surgical correction, and temporary stent placement. Among these, temporary esophageal stenting offers the potential advantage of providing sustained luminal expansion, stimulating tissue remodeling, and achieving long-term symptom relief. A 47-year-old woman with stage IV breast carcinoma and a prior history of radiotherapy presented with progressive difficulty swallowing. Over three months, her dysphagia worsened from solids to liquids. Endoscopic evaluation revealed a 4 cm esophageal stricture. Initial CRE balloon dilation improved her symptoms temporarily, but recurrence occurred, prompting a repeat endoscopy with adjunctive corticosteroid injection. Due to the relapse, a fully covered self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) was placed to minimize the need for repeated dilations. The procedure was completed without complications. The management of benign esophageal strictures aims to reestablish luminal patency and alleviate dysphagia. SEMS placement represents an effective and reliable therapeutic option, particularly in cases of radiation-induced stricture where balloon dilation alone fails to achieve lasting results.

Neonatal Epididymitis Presenting as Acute Scrotal Swelling: A Case Report

Retno Hernik Mulyati Andayani — 2026-05-19

Acute scrotal swelling in neonates has various causes, with epididymitis being rare (<1%) and usually related to hematogenous spread from systemic infection. This report describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of neonatal epididymitis. A 5-day-old male neonate with respiratory distress and jaundice developed fever, tachycardia, and right scrotal swelling. Laboratory findings showed leukocytosis and elevated inflammatory markers. Doppler ultrasound revealed increased vascularity and heterogeneous appearance of the right testis, consistent with epididymitis. The patient was initially treated with ampicillin and gentamicin, later escalated to meropenem and amikacin due to clinical deterioration. Significant improvement followed, with resolution of symptoms after a two-week antibiotic course. Early recognition and appropriate management are essential, and testicular torsion must always be excluded.

Inflammatory Burden Mapping as a Predictive Biomarker Framework for Population Health Transition

Suherman Jaksa — 2026-05-19

The current transition in population health is characterized by an increase in chronic diseases related to inflammatory processes. Inflammation serves as a major biological mechanism linking environmental, metabolic, and disease risk factors in the population. Therefore, inflammatory burden mapping has the potential to be a predictive biomarker framework to understand the dynamics of public health changes. This research aims to develop a conceptual framework for Inflammatory Burden Mapping as a biomarker approach in predicting population health transitions. The study uses a conceptual analysis approach based on literature studies on various biomedical studies related to inflammatory biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). The results of the study show that the integration of inflammatory biomarkers with demographic and environmental factors can provide a comprehensive picture of the inflammatory burden in the population and help predict disease change patterns. This framework has the potential to strengthen public health monitoring systems and support the development of biomarker-based health intervention strategies.

The Role of the Skin Microbiome and Curibacterium Acnes in the Pathogenesis of Acne Vulgaris

Putri Novian Zahra — 2026-05-25

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit commonly affecting adolescents and young adults. Recent studies suggested that acne is associated not only with the abundance of C. acnes but also with dysbiosis of the skin microbiome and the predominance of more proinflammatory bacterial strains. The study aimed to discuss both the role of the skin microbiome and C. acnes in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. A literature review using the PubMed database using keywords such as “skin microbiome”, “inflammation”, and “Cutibacterium acnes”. Studies published within the last five years were included. Studies were reviewed based on titles, abstracts, and full text. Data from four studies were analyzed, obtained, and categorized based on the normal microbiome composition, dysbiosis, strain differences, inflammatory mechanism, and therapeutic implications. The findings indicated that acne vulgaris is associated with skin microbiome dysbiosis due to reduced microbial diversity and the predominance of specific C. acnes strains, including RT4, RT5, RT8, and RT10. These strains demonstrated the ability to form biofilms, produce virulence factors, and activate inflammatory pathways by increasing proinflammatory cytokines. Conventional therapies have not fully targeted microbiome balance, leading to the emergence of new approaches. In conclusion, the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris is influenced by the presence of C. acnes, imbalance of the skin microbiome, and the predominance of more virulent strains.

Overview of LOX-1 Gen 3'UTR188C/T Polymorphism in Medan, Indonesia

Shahrul Rahman — 2026-06-02

Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is categorized under the class E scavenger receptor subgroup. To date, seven distinct polymorphisms have been characterized within the LOX-1 gene, including the 3'UTR188C/T variant. This investigation clinical trial enrolled 35 volunteer subjects (mean age 43 ± 4.6 years, consisting of 27 females and 8 males). Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes employing the standard salting-out methodology. Genotyping of the LOX-1 3′UTR188CT variant was performed using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Digestion with the RsaI restriction enzyme yielded two fragments (184 bp and 23 bp) corresponding to the C allele, and a single intact 207 bp fragment corresponding to the T allele. The restricted DNA fragments were subsequently visualized via ethidium bromide staining. Genotypic analysis of the LOX-1 gene revealed that the CC genotype was present in 15 participants (43%), the CT genotype in 17 participants (49%), and the TT genotype in 3 participants (8%). Out of the 35 subjects, the T allele was detected in 23 individuals (33%), whereas the C allele was highly predominant, appearing in 47 individuals (67%). In conclusion, our investigation demonstrates that the heterozygous CT genotype is the most prevalent variant within this study cohort, and the frequency of the minor T allele is significantly lower than that of the major C allele.

Cognitive Dependency on Clinical Decision Support Systems: Implications for Diagnostic Reasoning

Zahratul Hayati — 2026-05-19

The development of artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) has transformed the diagnostic decision-making process in modern health practice. Although CDSS is capable of improving clinical efficiency and accuracy, overuse has the potential to lead to cognitive dependency and automation bias that can affect the quality of medical personnel's diagnostic reasoning. This article aims to conceptually analyze the implications of dependence on CDSS on critical thinking processes and clinical decision-making. The study was conducted through a review of the latest literature in the field of health informatics and behavioral decision-making. The results of the analysis show that CDSS acts as an effective cognitive augmentation tool when used proportionally, but can weaken analytical evaluation if used without critical reflection. An implementation approach that emphasizes a balance between technological support and the professional autonomy of health workers is needed to maintain the integrity of diagnostic reasoning in the digital age.

The Effectiveness of Rosella Tea on Lipid Profile and Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients with Comorbidities

Hertina Silaban — 2026-05-25

This study contributes to public health knowledge by evaluating rosella tea as a complementary therapy for hypertensive patients with comorbidities. The process involved a systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 clinical trials published from 2015 to 2025, identified through PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. The implementation method followed PRISMA guidelines and used RevMan 5.4 to assess Mean Differences. The study schedule focused on analyzing the latest literature up to the year 2025. Results indicate that rosella tea consumption does not significantly lower blood pressure or lipid profiles. Consequently, patients should prioritize standard pharmacological treatments until further standardized research is available.

Overview of Sleep Quality in Active Smoking Adolescents in Denpasar City

Made Rangga Dwinanta Putra — 2026-05-19

Poor sleep quality is a common health problem among adolescents, and smoking is known to worsen sleep quality. Nicotine, as a stimulant, can disrupt sleep patterns, prolong sleep latency, and reduce sleep efficiency. Denpasar City has a relatively high prevalence of adolescent smokers; however, data regarding the sleep quality of active adolescent smokers remain limited. This study aimed to describe the sleep quality of active adolescent smokers in Denpasar City. This study employed a descriptive observational design with a cross-sectional approach. The results showed that most respondents were male (80.3%), all were late adolescents aged 18–24 years (100%), and the most commonly used type of cigarette was electronic cigarettes (47%). More than half of the respondents had poor sleep quality (56.1%). In conclusion, the majority of active adolescent smokers in Denpasar City are male late adolescents, with electronic cigarettes being the most commonly consumed tobacco product. Most respondents demonstrated poor sleep quality. These findings highlight the impact of smoking on adolescent sleep quality and may support promotive and preventive efforts to improve adolescent sleep health in Denpasar City.

The Relationship between Physical Activity and Fat Percentage Towards Probable Indicators of Sarcopenia in the Elderly in the Working Area of the Sungai Selan District Public Health Center

Tariqul Ardi — 2026-06-02

Sarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome characterized by a decline in muscle mass and strength, commonly occurring among the elderly and associated with an increased risk of falls, disability, and reduced quality of life. Factors influencing the development of sarcopenia include low levels of physical activity and high body fat percentage. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the relationship between physical activity and body fat percentage with probable sarcopenia indicators among older adults in the working area of Sungai Selan Health Center. This research employed a cross-sectional design with consecutive sampling of participants aged over 50 years. Data were collected using the SARC-F questionnaire to assess sarcopenia, the IPAQ Short Form to measure physical activity, and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) to determine body fat percentage. The data were analyzed using SPSS through bivariate correlation tests. The results showed a significant relationship between physical activity level and body fat percentage, with probable sarcopenia indicators among the elderly in the working area of Sungai Selan Health Center.

Organizational Support for Green Hospital Initiatives in Indonesia: A Literature Review

Eka Widya Citra — 2026-05-19

Hospitals are resource-intensive institutions that contribute significantly to environmental burdens through energy use, water consumption, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and waste production. In Indonesia, the green hospital concept has become increasingly important amid climate change and the pursuit of sustainable health governance. This study examines the organizational support that enables the implementation of green hospitals using a narrative literature review approach. The findings show that organizational support consists of leadership commitment, internal governance, employee engagement, budgeting, infrastructure, stakeholder collaboration, and environmental accountability systems. However, implementation remains constrained by policy fragmentation, limited funding, weak monitoring systems, and uneven organizational cultures. The study concludes that successful green hospital implementation depends not only on technology adoption but also on strong institutional capacity, integrated governance, and sustainable organizational support to achieve long-term environmental transformation in Indonesian hospitals.

Mental Health at the Crossroads of Policy and Practice: A Legal-Epidemiological Study of Indonesian Adolescents

Rosnalisa Zein — 2026-05-12

Adolescence is a critical period for mental health development, yet in Indonesia, systemic and legal gaps exacerbate vulnerabilities related to anxiety, depression, and self-confidence. While previous research highlights gender and school-type differences, few studies integrate a legal health perspective to frame these disparities within Indonesia’s evolving mental health and education policies. This study examines the psycho-legal implications of anxiety, depression, and self-confidence among Indonesian adolescents across gender and school types, with a focus on rights-based interventions. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 311 high school students (167 females, 144 males; 217 public, 94 private) in North Jakarta. Participants completed the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Self-Confidence Inventory (SCI). Data were analyzed using factorial ANOVAs and multiple regression. Students from private schools reported significantly higher anxiety and lower self-confidence than those in public schools. Female adolescents had significantly lower self-confidence than males. The findings highlight the private school environment as a potential risk factor and underscore the profound impact of depressive symptoms on an adolescent's self-concept. The persistent gender gap in self-confidence, independent of anxiety and depression, points to underlying sociocultural factors. Interventions must be targeted.

Associations between Sedentary Behavior, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity Intensity, and Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents: A Prisma-Based Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Moch Yunus — 2026-06-02

This study aims to systematically review the relationship between sedentary behavior (SB) and various cardiometabolic health indicators in adolescents. The method used was a literature synthesis of 21 international and local studies reporting associations between SB and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, and clustered cardiometabolic risk scores. The analysis results indicate that SB is consistently negatively associated with CRF, with correlations ranging from r = −0.21 to −0.45, as well as reductions in VO₂max of −0.30 to −0.65 standard deviations. In addition, adolescents in the highest SB quartile had a 1.25–1.85 times greater risk of obesity, BMI increases of 0.3–1.2 kg/m², larger waist circumference, and elevated systolic blood pressure of 2–6 mmHg. SB was also positively associated with clustered cardiometabolic risk scores (+0.28 to +0.52 SMD), reflecting systemic effects on blood glucose, lipids, and insulin resistance. These findings confirm that sedentary behavior is an independent risk factor for cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic health in adolescents, therefore interventions emphasizing reduced sedentary duration, increased moderate to vigorous physical activity, and regular active breaks represent important strategies for preventing cardiometabolic diseases from an early age.

Antioxidant Retention and Physicochemical Characterization of Instant Ginger Powder Formulation as a Functional Beverage

Indria Pijaryani — 2026-05-19

This study aims to formulate an instant ginger rhizome extract powder and comprehensively evaluate its physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant retention capacity as a functional beverage. This experimental research employed four variations of ginger powder concentration (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) using the wet granulation method. Evaluation results indicated that all formulations met the required standards, with moisture content below 5% and favorable flowability. The 15% formulation (F3) proved to be the most optimal, demonstrating strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 65.50 ppm. Overall, this formulation produces a powdered beverage with excellent physicochemical stability and measurable nutraceutical efficacy, making it a viable candidate for functional food.

Clinical Consequences of Delayed Corneal Ulcer Treatment: A Systematic Review

M Fadhil Syafridon — 2026-05-12

Corneal ulcer is an ophthalmic emergency that can lead to irreversible blindness if not treated promptly. Multiple studies have linked delayed management to an increased risk of severe complications such as corneal perforation, reduced visual acuity, and the need for keratoplasty. This study aims to assess the impact of delayed management of corneal ulcers on clinical outcomes and to identify factors contributing to treatment delays. This study is a systematic review of publications from 2020 to 2025, retrieved from the PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases, using the keywords “infectious corneal ulcer,” “treatment delay,” and “visual outcome.” Eligible studies included observational designs (cohort, cross-sectional, retrospective) evaluating the association between delayed treatment (≥48-72 hours after symptom onset) and clinical outcomes. Three studies met the inclusion criteria following PRISMA 2020 screening guidelines. The analysis confirms that the interval between symptom onset and initiation of topical antibiotic therapy is a critical determinant of visual outcome. Early intervention guided by microbiological culture and resistance profiles markedly improves prognosis. Strengthening referral systems and adopting teleophthalmology services can effectively reduce diagnostic delays, particularly in resource-limited regions. Delayed management of corneal ulcers leads to severe clinical consequences affecting patients’ visual function. Public education, improved primary care capacity, and the application of rapid, technology-assisted referral systems are essential strategies to ensure timely diagnosis and prevent blindness-related complications.

The Effectiveness of Education Based on Modules on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Involvement of Husbands in Childbirth Support: Literature Review

Ristina Rosauli Harianja — 2026-05-19

In Indonesia, husbands often serve as the primary birth partner, but their involvement during childbirth is still influenced by variations in knowledge, attitudes, emotional readiness, cultural norms, and health facility policies. Education through modules, booklets, e-modules, and similar media is viewed as a practical strategy to prepare husbands to fulfill their role as birth partners more effectively. The objective is to examine the scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of module-based education on knowledge, attitudes, and husbands’ involvement in childbirth support, as well as to situate this within the broader evidence base on labor companionship. The synthesis was conducted thematically across review articles, observational studies, qualitative studies, quasi-experimental studies, and reports on educational interventions. High-level evidence indicates that continuous support during childbirth enhances the childbirth experience, improves certain maternal outcomes, and strengthens the mother’s sense of security. On the other hand, specific evidence regarding childbirth companion modules for husbands is still dominated by small-scale quasi-experimental studies, community service projects, and implementation studies. Consistently, module formats—booklets, e-modules, and educational videos—enhance knowledge, understanding of roles, motivation, and husbands’ readiness to provide emotional, informational, instrumental, and advocacy support.

The Effects of Providing Health Education About Basic Immunization on The Level of Mothers' Knowledge at Basirih Public Health Centre, South Kalimantan

Theresia Jamini — 2026-05-12

Role of the mother in the immunization program is very important, so an understanding of immunization is very needed. The lack of mother’s knowledge about basic immunization is caused by a lack of information facilities. One of the efforts made to increase mother’s knowledge about basic immunization is by providing health education through counselling. The purpose of This research is to know about the effect of providing health education about basic immunization on the level of mothers’ knowledge at the Basirih’s public health center. Design that used on this research is quantitative research type with a one group pretest – post-test pre-experimental design. The sample in this study were infant mothers, using total sampling technique with a total sample of 30 respondents. Data was taken using a questionnaire. Data analysis used non parametric statistical analysis design, the Wilcoxon Signed Test. Result of this research from 30 respondents, average level of mother’s knowledge about basic immunization before health education was given, it was found that 0% was good, 13.3% was sufficient and 86.7% was lacking. And after given health education, it was found that 53.3% was good, 46.7% was sufficient and 0% was lacking. The results of Wilcoxon’s statistical analysis on knowledge data obtained a Z value of -4.800 and a P Value showing a significance of 0.000. There was an effect of health education on the level of mother’s knowledge about basic immunization. Can be concluded research showed that overall level of mothers’ knowledge about basic immunization at Basirih’s public health center before given health education is included in the poor category and after given health education, the level of mother’s knowledge is included in the good and sufficient category.

The Relationship between Nutritional Status Based on Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) and Hemoglobin Levels in Pregnant Women

Louisa Ariantje Langi — 2026-05-25

This study aims to analyze the correlation between nutritional status, measured via Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC), and anemia incidence among pregnant women at Bogor Timur Health Center in 2025. This research contributes a basis for early detection and integrated interventions for healthcare providers to reduce maternal anemia. The study employed a quantitative analytical method with a cross-sectional design, involving 190 randomly selected samples. Data collection occurred from December 22, 2025, to February 14, 2026, using Chi-Square analysis. Results showed a significant relationship between MUAC (p=0.019) and gestational age (p=0.000) with anemia. Consequently, pregnant women with "at-risk" MUAC exhibit higher anemia proportions (38.7%), necessitating stricter nutritional monitoring.

The Effect of Total Quality Management on Patient Loyalty, with Patient Satisfaction as a Moderating Variable, at Poso Regional General Hospital

Muhammad Ali Asdar — 2026-05-12

The increasing number of hospitals requires healthcare providers to continuously improve service quality to meet patient expectations and satisfaction. However, at Poso Hospital, various complaints are still being reported, particularly regarding service speed, fairness, and cost transparency, leading to dissatisfaction and a decrease in patient visits. This situation indicates the need for evaluation and implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) as a quality management approach. To determine the influence of Perceived Service Quality and Total Quality Management on patient loyalty with Patient Satisfaction as a moderating variable at Poso Regional Hospital. A quantitative cross-sectional design was applied with 442 respondents selected through random sampling. Data were summarized using univariate analysis to describe participant characteristics and response distributions, followed by path analysis for further examination. Total Quality Management have a significant effect on Patient Satisfaction and Perceived Service Quality and Total Quality Management have a significant effect on patient loyalty. The most effective model in this study is the partial mediation model, where TQM influence patient loyalty both directly and through patient satisfaction.

Rural-Urban Impact of Community-based Mental Health Intervention on the Intergenerational Lifestyle, Resilience, and Happiness Index among the Elderly

Thika Marliana — 2026-06-02

The increase in the number of the elderly population poses significant challenges in the field of community mental health, especially in efforts to improve psychosocial well-being in rural and urban contexts that have different social characteristics. This study aims to analyze the impact of rural-urban differences from community-based mental health interventions on inter-generational lifestyles, resilience, and happiness index in the elderly. Quantitative data were collected through a pre-test questionnaire on 60 elderly respondents, consisting of 30 elderly people in rural areas and 30 elderly people in urban areas. Data analysis was carried out using paired tests and comparative tests as well as regression analysis to assess the impact of interventions and differences in regional contexts. Qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 12 informants, including the elderly, cross-generational family members, and community facilitators, and then analyzed using thematic analysis. The results showed that the intervention significantly improved the resilience and happiness of the elderly in both regions, with varying impacts between rural and urban. In conclusion, the effectiveness of community-based mental health interventions is greatly influenced by the social context of the region, so that the adjustment of program design based on village and city characteristics is key in improving the mental well-being of the elderly sustainably.

Evaluation of Antibiotic Use in Patients with Acute Appendicitis

Romauli Lumbantobing — 2026-05-25

This activity aims to evaluate the accuracy of antibiotic use among patients with acute appendicitis at Aeramo Regional General Hospital to support rational healthcare services. The process involved observing medical records from April 2024 to April 2025. The implementation method used a qualitative descriptive analysis based on Gyssens' criteria to assess indications, dosages, routes, and timing of administration in accordance with ASHP and IDSA guidelines. Evaluation results showed that 53% of antibiotic use was rational (Category 0), though inaccuracies in indications remained at 33%, particularly in non-perforation cases. Consequently, strengthening compliance with local clinical protocols is essential to prevent the risk of antimicrobial resistance within the hospital environment.

Developmental Stimulation of Gross Motor Skills, Fine Motor Skills, Socialization, and Language in Stunted Children

Mamik Ratnawati — 2026-05-12

Brain development may be impacted by nutritional deficits prior to birth and in the first year of life. Pregnancy and the early years of life are periods of fast developmental growth. Newborns have over 100 billion brain cells, according to research. From birth through early childhood, the development of brain connections and the process of maturation happen gradually. This study sought to ascertain how developmental stimulation affected stunted children's gross motor, fine motor, sociability, and language abilities. An observational analytical technique combined with a cross-sectional approach was the research design employed. All of the stunted toddlers in Puton Village, Diwek District, Jombang Regency, made up the study's population. Stunted toddlers in Puton Village, Diwek District, Jombang Regency, ages 0–72 months, made up the study's sample. The majority of toddler moms (59%) stimulated their kids, according to the study's findings. A Sig (2-tailed) value <0.05 showed a correlation between developmental stimulation and toddler development in fine motor abilities, gross motor skills, socializing, independence, and language, and nearly half of toddlers (40%) developed in accordance with their age. According to the study, parents should monitor their child's development through integrated health post (Posyandu) activities and provide stimulation appropriate to the child's age as part of an early detection effort. Children can develop through a variety of activities with parental guidance.

Exploring the Role of Pharmacists in Improving Medication Adherence among Diabetic Patients in Primary Healthcare Facilities

Fef Rukminingsih — 2026-06-02

Non-adherence to medication among patients with diabetes mellitus remains a major challenge in primary healthcare due to its impact on disease control and complications. This study aimed to explore the role of pharmacists in improving medication adherence through pharmaceutical counseling in two primary healthcare facilities in Semarang, Central Java. Using an exploratory qualitative approach, data were collected from nine purposively selected informants through in-depth interviews, observation, and document analysis. The findings revealed that pharmacists improved medication adherence through structured education, individualized counseling, therapy clarification, and motivational support. However, limited counseling time and variations in patient health literacy remained significant barriers. In conclusion, pharmaceutical counseling plays an important role in improving medication adherence and should be strengthened through healthcare system and policy support.

Green Hospital Implementation in Indonesia: A Literature Review

Ade Triansyah — 2026-05-19

Hospitals are highly resource-intensive institutions due to continuous clinical and administrative operations that require large amounts of energy, water, technology, and materials. This study reviews the implementation of green hospitals in Indonesia using a narrative literature review approach based on recent journal articles, policy documents, and WHO reports. The findings show that green hospital practices have developed mainly in waste management, energy efficiency, water conservation, and environmental governance. However, implementation remains uneven because of limited funding, weak interdepartmental coordination, inadequate monitoring systems, and low organizational commitment. Despite these barriers, green hospitals provide benefits such as operational efficiency, improved accreditation, enhanced institutional image, and better comfort for patients and staff. The study concludes that stronger leadership, standardized indicators, policy incentives, phased investment, and integration of environmental targets into hospital governance are essential for sustainable hospital transformation in Indonesia.