Diversity of Mushrooms in Areas Sago, Secondary, and Swamp Forest in Village Khameyaka, Ebungfau District, Jayapura

The research aims to determine the diversity of mushrooms in the sago forest area, secondary forest, and swamp forest of Khameyaka village as well as the types of mushrooms used by local people. Observation of structure, composition, and diversity using transect, documentation, and plot methods. 11 species of mushrooms were recorded in the sago forest, 37 species of mushrooms in the secondary forest, and 5 species of mushrooms in the swamp forest. The index value of mushroom species diversity in sago forest is 2.22 (moderately abundant), secondary forest is 3.31 (highly abundant), and swamp forest is 1.267 (moderately abundant)

The research aims to determine the diversity of mushrooms in the sago forest area, secondary forest, and swamp forest of Khameyaka village as well as the types of mushrooms used by local people. Observation of structure, composition, and diversity using transect, documentation, and plot methods. 11 species of mushrooms were recorded in the sago forest, 37 species of mushrooms in the secondary forest, and 5 species of mushrooms in the swamp forest. The index value of mushroom species diversity in sago forest is 2.22 (moderately abundant), secondary forest is 3.31 (highly abundant), and swamp forest is 1.267 (moderately abundant). Volvariella sp. is used by local communities to meet food needs, carry out traditional events, and as a source of income According to research by Abbas, Listyorini, & Martanto (2008), observations of endemic sago mushrooms in Papua. During the observation, sago mushrooms were found growing on a stretch of sago dregs in the sago forest in South Yapen District, Warari Village. The shape and morphology of the sago mushrooms found in Warari Village did not vary. Based on the similarity in shape and morphology, it can be informed that there is only one type of sago mushroom in Yapen Regency, which is the genus Volvariella sp. The Sago mushroom is an edible mushroom that grows sporadically on decaying sago dregs and sago stems.
Local people like sago mushroom because it tastes good and is nutritious. Mushroom Volvariella sp. is generally rich in essential amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine, valine, tryptophan, lysine, threonine, phenylalanine, methionine, and histidine (Jordan, 1993;Widiyastuti, 2005). This research shows that there are several species of mushrooms consumed by the local community.

METHODOLOGY Study Site
This research was conducted in January 2021. The research location was in the Khendo forest, Khameyaka Village, Ebungfau District, Jayapura Regency.

RESEARCH RESULT
The results of research in the Khendo forest area of Khameyaka village showed that in the Sago ecosystem type, 8 families of 11 mushroom species were found, presented in Table 1, in the secondary forest ecosystem type, 18 families were found from 37 mushroom species, presented in table 2, in the type of swamp forest ecosystem, 5 families of 5 species of mushrooms were found which are presented in table 3. The data shows the composition and structure of the mushrooms which have varying values for each species due to the different characteristics of each fungus.

Structure and Composition of Fungi in Sago Forest
Based on the results of the research data in table 1, the number of individuals of the 11 species found was 115, the species with the highest number of individuals was Parasola plicantillis with 27 species, Volvariela sp. with 25 species, Parasola auricoma with 23 species, Schizophyllum commune with 11 species, Pleurotus ostreatus with 8 species. The growth of this fungus is strongly influenced by several factors, namely: temperature, water demand, oxygen demand and pH, Substrat. In this sago forest area, the humidity level is quite high, and the available substrate is sufficient so that it can become a medium for mushroom growth so that through observation, the number of species found in this sago forest area is higher than in the swamp forest area.
The highest relative density was 23,478% for Parasola plicantillis, the second type, Volvariella sp, 21,739%, the third type, Parasola auricoma, 20,000%, the fourth type, Schyzophyllum commune, 9,565%, the fifth type, Pleurotus ostreatus, 6,956%. Differences in the density values of each species are caused by differences in the ability to reproduce, spread and adapt to the environment. The density value of a species indicates the number of individuals of the species concerned in a certain unit area, so the density value is an illustration of the number of these species in the study area. Density values cannot yet provide an overview of how the distribution and distribution patterns are. An overview of the distribution of individuals in a particular species can be seen from the value of the frequency while the distribution pattern can be determined by comparing the mean value of a particular species with the overall population variation.
The highest frequency value was found in Pleurotus ostreatus, Volvariella sp. Parasola plicantilis, Parasola auricoma, Schizophyllum commune by 12,500% means that out of a total of 10 plots observed at the study site, around 5 plots of which contained these types. The type of Parasola plicantillis is the type with the highest density and frequency values so that it can be considered as a dense species and is widely distributed in almost all research locations. The second, third, fourth and fifth highest frequencies have the same frequency values, namely Volvariella sp. Parasola auricoma, Schizophyllum commune, Pleurotus ostreatus species these species also have a high frequency value of 12,500% or are found in 4 of the 10 plots studied. In this study the use of the quadratic method and its placement was carried out using procedures that are easy to do in the field so that the frequency values obtained can describe the conditions at the research sites. The species that have the highest density and frequency values are Parasola plicantillis and Volvariela sp. included in the category of species that have good adaptability to environmental conditions.

Structure and Composition of Fungi in Secondary Forest
Based on the results of the research data in table 4.2, the number of individuals of the 37 species found was 414, the species with the highest number were Psathyrella candolleana with 97 species, Mycena hameotopus with 50 species, Coprinellus disseminatus with 50 species, Xylaria longipes with a total of 50 species, Ascocoryne sarcoides with a total of 25 species. The growth of this fungus is strongly influenced by several factors, namely: temperature, water demand, oxygen demand and pH, substrate. Where in this secondary forest area is a suitable area as a mushroom growth medium because there is a suitable substrate as a mushroom growth medium so that in this secondary forest area the number of mushroom species is found to be more than sago and swamp forest.
The highest relative density was 23.373% for Psathyrella candolleana, the second, third and fourth species were Mycena hameotopus, Coprinellus diseminatus and Xylaria longipes by 12.048%, the fifth type was Ascocoryne sarcoides by 6.024%. Differences in the density values of each species are due to differences in the ability to reproduce, spread and adapt to the environment. The density value of a species indicates the number of individuals of the species concerned in a certain unit area, so the density value is an illustration of the number of these species in the study  The highest frequency value was found in the Trametes gibbosa species of 9,804%, meaning that out of a total of 10 plots observed at the study site, around 5 plots included these types. The type of Trametes gibbosa is the type with the highest density and frequency values so that it can be considered as a dense species and is widely distributed in almost all research locations. The second, third, fourth and fifth highest frequencies had the same frequency values, namely Coprinellus disseminated and Xylaria longipes, which had a frequency value of 1.961% or were found in 4 of the 10 plots studied. In this study the use of the quadratic method and its placement was carried out using procedures that are easy to do in the field so that the frequency values obtained can describe the conditions at the research site. The type that has the highest density and frequency values is the type of Psathyrella candolleana which belongs to the category of species that have good adaptability to environmental conditions.

Structure and Composition of Fungi in Swamp Forests
Based on the results of the research data in table 4.3, the number of individuals of the 5 species found was 49, the species with the highest number of individuals were Laccaria laccata with 31 species, Psathyrella candolleana with 10 species, Volvariella sp. with the number of species 4, Daedalea quercina with the number of species 3, Trametes versicolor with the number of species 1. The growth of this fungus is strongly influenced by several factors, namely: temperature, water demand, oxygen demand and pH, substrate. This swamp forest area is an area with a very high humidity level, so only a few species can grow in this swamp forest area, compared to sago forest and secondary forest.
The highest relative density was 62,500% for Laccaria laccata, the second Psathyrella candolleana was 20,833%, the third was Volvariella sp. 8.333%, the fourth type is Daedalea quercina 6.250%, the fifth type is Trametes versicolor 2.083%. The difference in the density value of each species is due to differences in the ability to reproduce, spread and adapt to the environment. The density value of a species indicates the number of individuals of the species concerned in a certain unit area, so the density value is an illustration of the number of these species in the study area. Density values cannot yet provide an overview of how the distribution and distribution patterns are. The highest frequency value was found in the type of Laccaria laccata by 50,000% meaning that out of a total of 10 plots observed at the study site, around 5 plots included these types. The type of Laccaria laccata is the type with the highest density and frequency values so that it can be considered as a dense species and is widely distributed in almost all research locations. The second highest frequency was Daedalea quercina of 20,000%, the third, fourth and fifth species were Volvariella sp., Trametes versicolor, and Pastyrella candolleana have the same frequency value of 10,000%. In this study the use of the quadratic method and its placement was carried out using procedures that are easy to do in the field so that the frequency values obtained can describe the conditions at the research site. The type that has the highest density and frequency values is the type of Laccaria laccata which belongs to the category of species that have good adaptability to environmental conditions. The magnitude of the important value index indicates the role of the species in the community or at the research location. The types of Parasola plicatillis and Volvariella sp are the two species that predominate in the sago forest ecosystem type in the Khendo Kampung Atamali forest area because they have the highest important value index values. Each type of fungus has an important role for the sustainability of the ecosystem in the sagu forest area. The high IVI in a mushroom community indicates that the fungus has a role or level of importance in the community. This fungus can adapt to the habitat and a wide tolerance to environmental conditions. Species that have a large (dominant) role in the community will have a high IVI. In Table 4.4 the type Parasola plicatillis has the highest IVI and role compared to other types.

Highest Important Value Index (IVI) of Fungal Diversity in Secondary Forest
Based on table data 4.5, the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) was found in the type of Psathyrella candolleana (25.334%), Volvariella sp. (14.009%), Coprinellus disseminatus (14.009%), Xylaria longipes (14.009%) and Ascocoryne sarcoides (11.732%). The magnitude of the important value index indicates the role of the species in the community or at the research location. The types of Psathyrella candolleana and Mycena hameotopus are the two species that predominate in the secondary forest ecosystem type in the Khendo forest area of Atamali Village because they have the highest important value index values. Each type of fungus has an important role for the sustainability of the ecosystem in the sago forest area. A high IVI in a mushroom community indicates that the fungus has a role or level of importance in the community. This fungus can adapt to its habitat and wide tolerance to environmental conditions. Species that have a large (dominant) role in the community will have a high IVI. In Table 5 the type of Psathyrella candoleana has the highest IVI and role compared to other types.

Highest Important Value Index (IVI) for mushroom diversity in swamp forest
Based on table 6, the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) was found in the species Laccaria laccata (112,500%), Pastyrella candolleana (30,833%), Volvariella sp. (26.250%). The magnitude of the important value index indicates the role of the species in the community or at the research location. The species Laccaria laccata and Psathyrella candolleana are the two species that predominate in the primary or secondary forest ecosystem type in the Khendo Kampung Khameyaka forest area because they have the highest importance value index values. Each type of fungus has an important role for the sustainability of the ecosystem in the sago forest area. A high IVI in a mushroom community indicates that the fungus has a role or level of importance in the community. This fungus can adapt to the habitat and a wide tolerance to environmental conditions. Species that have a large (dominant) role in the community will have a high IVI. In Table 4.6 the type of Laccaria laccata has the highest IVI and role compared to other types.

Shanon-Wiener Diversity Index (H')
The Shannon-Wiener species diversity index (H') in sago forest, secondary forest, and swamp ecosystem types with the highest total number of data on 2 transects obtained from each observation plot, the calculation results show that the diversity index for each individual of each type of mushroom in each observation plot belonged to the moderate category. Through the calculation results for the type of sago forest ecosystem for all types shows that the index of diversity of all species in all plots studied is 2,225 (medium), for the type of secondary forest ecosystem for all types shows that the index of diversity of all species in all plots studied is 3,312 (high ), for the type of swamp forest ecosystem, all species show that the index of diversity of all species in all the plots studied is 1,267 (medium).

Distributions
The structure caused by the distribution of organisms in nature and these organisms form an interaction with their environment can be called a distribution pattern (Odum, 1994, p. 191). The results of the analysis of the distribution of fungal species in three types of ecosystems found 2 species in sago and swamp forests, namely the species Daedalea quercina and Volvarisella sp. and 1 species is in mixed forest and sago forest, namely the species Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. The uneven distribution of the fungus can be caused by differences in habitat types and environmental factors.

DISCUSSION
Based on field observations, there were overall 49 species of fungi from 31 families where in the sago forest ecosystem type found 8 families of 11 mushroom species, in the secondary forest ecosystem type found 18 families of 37 species of mushrooms, in the swamp forest ecosystem type found 5 families of 5 species of mushrooms.
Research by Suharno, Irawan, Qomariah, Putri, & Sufaati (2014), obtained the result that in the Warmare District, Manokwari Regency, West Papua. There are 62 species of macrofungi from 19 families (29 genera). Members of the families with the highest number of species are Poly-yporaceae (14 species), Agaricaceae (11 species), Tricholomataceae (9 species) and Clavariaceae (7 species). Of these, 8 samples of the fungus could not be identified. The results of observations at the study sites show that the average temperature is between 20-290C with humidity of 83-95%. The area explored is at an altitude between 15-290 m asl. The condition of the level of soil fertility in this area is quite good and suitable for agricultural land and plantations. According to Suharno, Irawan, Qomariah, Putri, & Sufaati (2014) the presence of mycorrhiza is related to the condition of phosphorus (P) available in the plant environment. The number of macrofungi obtained in the Warmare District was quite high. Differences in forest types greatly affect the diversity of macrofungi.
Based on the results of the analysis for the diversity of mushroom species in sago forest, secondary forest, and swamp areas, it can be seen from the Shanon-Wiener diversity index. The Shanon-Wiener diversity index value for mushroom species in sago forest habitat types is (2,225) in the moderately abundant category, in habitat types of secondary forest of (3,312) is in the highly abundant category, in the swamp forest habitat type it is (1,267) belonging to the moderately abundant category. (The value of H' 1 ≤ H' ≤ 3 indicates that species diversity on the transect is currently abundant). The value of H'> 3 indicates that there is a high abundance of species diversity on the transect. Species diversity is classified as moderate, meaning that the diversity of mushroom species found in the Khendo forest research area is adequately represented by each family/tribe. Macro mushrooms can grow optimally at a temperature of 20-30% and the ideal humidity needed is between 80-90%. However, in general, the temperature, humidity, and light intensity for the growth of macro fungi varies depending on each species of fungus. In addition, many mushrooms were found that were dry or dead. According to Suriawiria (1986), fungi found in the temperature range of 25-37°C with an optimum temperature of 30°C are classified as mesophilic fungi. Mushroom substrate grows mostly on dead wood (trees), only a few mushrooms grow on trees that are still alive and some grow on the ground.
The Basidiomycetes class mushroom found in the Khendo forest area which is utilized as a food mushroom is the sago mushroom (Volvariella sp.). This fungus was found at the study site growing on sago dregs and watery soil contaminated with sago dregs so that this fungus could grow. Volvariella sp. is a species found in sago forests and swamp forests. Volvariella sp. These are often used by the Sentani people to meet their food needs in their daily lives and in carrying out traditional events in the traditions of the Sentani people, and are also used as a source of their income. Volvariella sp. In the local language of the Sentani people it is called Fenlung or generally called the sago mushroom.
According to research by Abbas et al (2009) Observations of Papuan Endemic Sago Mushrooms. When the observation was carried out, it was found that sago mushrooms were growing on a stretch of sago dregs in the sago forest in South Yapen District, Warari Village. The shape and morphology of the sago mushrooms found in Warari Village did not vary. On the basis of similarity in shape and morphology, it can be informed that there is only one type of sago mushroom in Yapen Regency, which is the genus Volvariella sp. Sago mushroom (Volvariella sp.) is an edible mushroom that grows sporadically on decaying sago dregs and sago stems. Local people like sago mushroom because it tastes good and is nutritious. Mushroom Volvariella sp. generally rich in essential amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine, valine, tryptophan, lysine, theonin, phenylalanine, methinin and histidine (Jordan, 1993;Widiyastuti, 2005). With this research, it shows that there are several species of mushrooms that are consumed by the local community.
Based on the research results of Yigibalom, Sufaati, & Purnamasari (2014), it is known that there are around 19 (nineteen) types of natural mushrooms that can be used as a food source by local people in the Beam Region, namely: obon, punawi, enggambi, nambu, guni, ku -geya, yaliruk, pokea, nage, peraliaga, ligibin, wam anugum, yanggemili, tengkekalok, mbogo-la, wurumbiak, ligilage, talorago, kilumonok. All these types of mushrooms are classified as non-toxic, people can differentiate between poisonous and non-toxic mushrooms based on experience in consuming mushrooms and from information passed down by parents. Usually, people process raw materials for these mushrooms with stir-fried dishes, mixed with other vegetables, roasted, barapen (coals of fire), and some are eaten raw. These types of mushrooms are collected from nature, especially from the forest, and none of these types are cultivated. This amount is said to be quite a lot compared to the types of mushrooms consumed by urban communities such as in Java.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
11 species of mushrooms were recorded in the sago forest, 37 species of mushrooms in the secondary forest, and 5 species of mushrooms in the swamp forest. The index value of mushroom species diversity in sago forest is 2.22 (moderately abundant), secondary forest is 3.31 (highly abundant), and swamp forest is 1.267 (moderately abundant). Volvariella sp. is used by local communities to meet food needs, carry out traditional events, and as a source of income.

ADVANCED RESEARCH
The continuation of this research is the need to carry out morphological studies related to the types of fungi that have an even distribution in sago, secondary and swamp forests. This study needs to be carried out with the aim of looking at the morphological characteristics of the dominant and distributed species in the three ecosystems.