Techniques for Detection of Trichothecene in Food: A Comprehensive Review

Sadia  Iqbal; Syeda Azka Sajid; Muhammad  Ali; Noor  Mushtaq; Muhammad Wasif  Sultan; Mehvish  Mushtaq; Tehreem  Tahir; Javaria  Mohsin; Iqra  Shafiq; Usman  Muzaffar

doi:10.55927/fjst.v4i1.13071

Authors

Sadia Iqbal Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad
Syeda Azka Sajid Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Muhammad Ali Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Noor Mushtaq Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad
Muhammad Wasif Sultan Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Mehvish Mushtaq Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Tehreem Tahir Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Javaria Mohsin Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Iqra Shafiq Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Usman Muzaffar Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55927/fjst.v4i1.13071

Keywords:

Trichothecene, Toxicity, Conventional Methods, Emetic Reactions, Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Trichothecenes, pose significant health risks to humans and animals by contaminating food and feed. These toxins are classified into Type A and Type B. Type A trichothecenes are commonly detected in various food matrices, while Type B trichothecenes contaminate crops and are linked to alimentary toxicities, including emetic reactions. Advanced detection methods such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry are widely used. Biological controls, such as Debaryomyces hansenii, have shown promise, reducing toxin content and suppressing pathogen spread. Trichothecenes exhibit ribotoxic, pro-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects, making their management a critical focus in food safety. This review comprehensively explores detection techniques, management strategies, and the impact of trichothecene contamination on human health, emphasizing its relevance in public policy and food security.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Čolović, R., Puvača, N., Cheli, F., Avantaggiato, G., Greco, D., Đuragić, O., Kos, J., & Pinotti, L. (2019). Decontamination of mycotoxin-contaminated feedstuffs and compound feed. Toxins, 11(11), 617.

Commission, E.-E. (2013). Commission recommendation of 27 March 2013 on the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in cereals and cereal products. Off J Eur Comm L, 91, 12-15.

Crippin, T., Renaud, J. B., Sumarah, M. W., & Miller, J. D. (2019). Comparing genotype and chemotype of Fusarium graminearum from cereals in Ontario, Canada. PLoS One, 14(5), e0216735.

De Angelis, E., Monaci, L., Pascale, M., & Visconti, A. (2013). Fate of deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins and their glucoside conjugates from flour to bread: An investigation by high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30(2), 345-355.

Edwards, S. G. (2009). Fusarium mycotoxin content of UK organic and conventional oats. Food Additives and Contaminants, 26(7), 1063-1069.

Escrivá, L., Font, G., & Manyes, L. (2015). In vivo toxicity studies of fusarium mycotoxins in the last decade: A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 78, 185-206.

Foerster, C., Muñoz, K., Delgado-Rivera, L., Rivera, A., Cortés, S., Müller, A., Arriagada, G., Ferreccio, C., & Rios, G. (2020). Occurrence of relevant mycotoxins in food commodities consumed in Chile. Mycotoxin research, 36, 63-72.

Foroud, N. A., Baines, D., Gagkaeva, T. Y., Thakor, N., Badea, A., Steiner, B., Bürstmayr, M., & Bürstmayr, H. (2019). Trichothecenes in cereal grains–an update. Toxins, 11(11), 634.

Gab-Allah, M. A., Choi, K., & Kim, B. (2021). Accurate determination of type B trichothecenes and conjugated deoxynivalenol in grains by isotope dilution–liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control, 121, 107557.

Garofalo, M., Payros, D., Penary, M., Oswald, E., Nougayrède, J.-P., & Oswald, I. P. (2023). A novel toxic effect of foodborne trichothecenes: The exacerbation of genotoxicity. Environmental Pollution, 317, 120625.

Golge, O., & Kabak, B. (2020). Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in cereals and cereal products from Turkey. Food Control, 110, 106982.

Gruber-Dorninger, C., Jenkins, T., & Schatzmayr, G. (2019). Global mycotoxin occurrence in feed: A ten-year survey. Toxins, 11(7), 375.

Guo, Y., Zhao, L., Ma, Q., & Ji, C. (2021). Novel strategies for degradation of aflatoxins in food and feed: A review. Food Research International, 140, 109878.

Han, L., Li, Y.-T., Jiang, J.-Q., Li, R.-F., Fan, G.-Y., Lv, J.-M., Zhou, Y., Zhang, W.-J., & Wang, Z.-L. (2019). Development of a direct competitive ELISA kit for detecting deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat. Molecules, 25(1), 50.

Haque, M. A., Wang, Y., Shen, Z., Li, X., Saleemi, M. K., & He, C. (2020). Mycotoxin contamination and control strategy in human, domestic animal and poultry: A review. Microbial pathogenesis, 142, 104095.

Janik, E., Niemcewicz, M., Podogrocki, M., Ceremuga, M., Stela, M., & Bijak, M. (2021). T-2 toxin—The most toxic trichothecene mycotoxin: Metabolism, toxicity, and decontamination strategies. Molecules, 26(22), 6868.

Ji, F., Xu, J., Liu, X., Yin, X., & Shi, J. (2014). Natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in wheat from Jiangsu province, China. Food chemistry, 157, 393-397.

Ji, L., Li, Q., Wang, Y., Burgess, L. W., Sun, M., Cao, K., & Kong, L. (2019). Monitoring of Fusarium species and trichothecene genotypes associated with Fusarium head blight on wheat in Hebei Province, China. Toxins, 11(5), 243.

Krska, R., Baumgartner, S., & Josephs, R. (2001). The state-of-the-art in the analysis of type-A and-B trichothecene mycotoxins in cereals. Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry, 371(3), 285-299.

Lattanzio, V. M., Pascale, M., & Visconti, A. (2009). Current analytical methods for trichothecene mycotoxins in cereals. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 28(6), 758-768.

Lemos, A. C., de Borba, V. S., & Badiale-Furlong, E. (2021). The impact of wheat-based food processing on the level of trichothecenes and their modified forms. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 111, 89-99.

Mahdjoubi, C. K., Arroyo-Manzanares, N., Hamini-Kadar, N., García-Campaña, A. M., Mebrouk, K., & Gámiz-Gracia, L. (2020). Multi-mycotoxin occurrence and exposure assessment approach in foodstuffs from Algeria. Toxins, 12(3), 194.

Meneely, J. P., Ricci, F., van Egmond, H. P., & Elliott, C. T. (2011). Current methods of analysis for the determination of trichothecene mycotoxins in food. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 30(2), 192-203.

Mihalache, O. A., Carbonell-Rozas, L., Cutroneo, S., & Dall'Asta, C. (2023). Multi-mycotoxin determination in plant-based meat alternatives and exposure assessment. Food Research International, 168, 112766.

Mishra, S., Ansari, K. M., Dwivedi, P. D., Pandey, H. P., & Das, M. (2013). Occurrence of deoxynivalenol in cereals and exposure risk assessment in Indian population. Food Control, 30(2), 549-555.

Okungbowa, F. I., & Kinge, T. R. (2021). Fusarium species and their associated mycotoxins in foods and their products in Africa. Food Security and Safety: African Perspectives, 725-737.

Pacin, A., Resnik, S., & Martinez, E. (2011). Concentrations and exposure estimates of deoxynivalenol in wheat products from Argentina. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B, 4(2), 125-131.

Pestka, J. (2010). Toxicological mechanisms and potential health effects of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. World Mycotoxin Journal, 3(4), 323-347.

Polak-Śliwińska, M., & Paszczyk, B. (2021). Trichothecenes in food and feed, relevance to human and animal health and methods of detection: A systematic review. Molecules, 26(2), 454.

Qiu, Y., Yan, J., Yue, A., Lu, Z., Tan, J., Guo, H., Ding, Y., Lyu, F., & Fu, Y. (2024). A comprehensive review of biodetoxification of trichothecenes: Mechanisms, limitations and novel strategies. Food Research International, 114275.

Rodríguez-Carrasco, Y., Moltó, J. C., Berrada, H., & Mañes, J. (2014). A survey of trichothecenes, zearalenone and patulin in milled grain-based products using GC–MS/MS. Food chemistry, 146, 212-219.

Ryu, J. C., Yang, J. S., Song, Y. S., Kwon, O. S., Park, J., & Chang, I. M. (1996). Survey of natural occurrence of trichothecene mycotoxins and zearalenone in Korean cereals harvested in 1992 using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Food Additives & Contaminants, 13(3), 333-341.

Schelstraete, W., Devreese, M., & Croubels, S. (2020). Comparative toxicokinetics of Fusarium mycotoxins in pigs and humans. Food and chemical toxicology, 137, 111140.

Singh, J., & Mehta, A. (2020). Rapid and sensitive detection of mycotoxins by advanced and emerging analytical methods: A review. Food science & nutrition, 8(5), 2183-2204.

Sokolović, M., & Šimpraga, B. (2006). Survey of trichothecene mycotoxins in grains and animal feed in Croatia by thin layer chromatography. Food Control, 17(9), 733-740.

Wang, Y., Liu, S., Zheng, H., He, C., & Zhang, H. (2013). T-2 toxin, zearalenone and fumonisin B1 in feedstuffs from China. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 6(2), 116-122.

Watson, D. H., & Lindsay, D. G. (1982). A critical review of biological methods for the detection of fungal toxins in foods and foodstuffs. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 33(1), 59-67.

Wei, B., Xiao, H., Xu, B., Kuca, K., Qin, Z., Guo, X., Wu, W., & Wu, Q. (2023). Emesis to trichothecene deoxynivalenol and its congeners correspond to secretion of peptide YY and 5-HT. Food and chemical toxicology, 113874.

You, L., Zhao, Y., Kuca, K., Wang, X., Oleksak, P., Chrienova, Z., Nepovimova, E., Jaćević, V., Wu, Q., & Wu, W. (2021). Hypoxia, oxidative stress, and immune evasion: A trinity of the trichothecenes T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON). Archives of Toxicology, 95, 1899-1915.