IJAR Indonesian Journal of Advanced Research 2986-0768 Formosa Publisher 10.55927/ijar.v4i5.14336 The Diversity of Medicinal Plants Planted as Ornamental and Shade Plants Ratnani Dewa Ayu Sri Program of Biology Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar sri.ratnani@unmas.ac.id 22 05 2025 03 04 2025 17 04 2025 19 05 2025 4 5 421 438

This study aimed to identify the diversity of medicinal plants planted as ornamental and shade plants and to determine the plant diversity index on the campus of Universitas Mahasaraswati (UNMAS) Denpasar. Data were collected using an exploration survey and data collection techniques using the cruising technique. The results documented 154 species, 122 genera spread across 54 families. The largest families are Araceae (21), followed by Asparagaceae (12) and Acanthaceae (8). As many as 146 species (94.8%) of 154 species were found to be medicinal plants. The largest species was dominated by Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb. The shrub level category was the highest (64), followed by herbs (57) and trees (33). The diversity index value of H’ = 5.622, which is included in the high category. The diversity index values at each level include shrubs = 3.52 (high), herbs = 3.383 (high), and trees = 2.759 (medium).

 Diversity Diversity Index Medicinal Plants http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. INTRODUCTION

Biodiversity is the diversity of living things on Earth including flora, fauna, and microorganisms (Abidin et al., 2020). According to Odum (1993), there are two components of species diversity, namely species richness and evenness. Species richness is the number of species in a community. Species richness can be calculated by the species or area index, namely the number of species per unit area. Evenness or adequacy is the even distribution of individuals among species. Species richness and evenness are important components of biodiversity. Species richness indicates the diversity of life, while species evenness indicates the balance of the ecosystem. In general, the role of vegetation in an ecosystem is maintaining the balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen concentration in the air, improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil, regulating groundwater systems and other beneficial roles (Basrowi et al., 2018)

Indonesia has high flora diversity. It is ranked seventh largest in the world with the number of species reaching 20,000 species and 40% of which are endemic plants to Indonesia (Kusmana and Hikmat, 2015). Indonesia as a tropical country, has abundant types of biodiversity compared to non-tropical regions. Biodiversity varies according to each region, and each region shows its own characteristics (Suwarso et al., 2019). Indonesia is one of the countries with immense biodiversity, one of which is the diversity of medicinal plants whose potential is huge in Indonesia. Based on total data on medicinal plants worldwide, Indonesia contributes 90% of medicinal plants in the Asian region (Widaryanto & Azizah, 2018).

Medicinal plants are plants whose organs are believed to be used as medicine and to cure diseases. Stems, leaves, roots and flowers are parts of plant organs that can be used as medicine (Lestari et al., 2021). Since ancient times, medicinal plants in Indonesia have been used as solutions to health problems, which shows that nature, especially medicinal plants, plays a role in public health efforts (Susanti et al., 2018). The practice of using medicinal plants in traditional Balinese medicine is based on beliefs and knowledge systems (Arsana, 2019).

Since ancient times, traditional medicine has been well-known and popular among Balinese people in everyday life. Most medicinal plants are obtained from forests (Nasution et al., 2018; Rahman, 2019). Most medicinal plants are obtained from the wild, and only 3.63% are intentionally planted (Ratnani et al., 2022). Domestication efforts of medicinal plants are important because only a few studies on medicinal plants have found them to be planted as ornamental plants. Ornamental plants have a primary function as decoration, namely plants that provide beauty or aesthetic value, which are included in the non-food horticulture group. Ornamental plants are usually planted to beautify a place or area, including a campus.

The Campus is the area surrounding the main building of a higher education institution where all teaching and learning activities and administration take place (KBBI). A Campus is a place or location that is the centre of higher education activities, a place for the academic community (academic community) consisting of lecturers, students, and supporting staff. Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar, also known as UNMAS Denpasar, is one

of the Private College in the LLDIKTI Region VIII environment, under the management of the Saraswati People's Education Foundation, Based in Denpasar. Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar is currently located on Jalan Kamboja Denpasar.

The existence of diverse flora has various functions that can make the campus environment cleaner, greener, and fresher. Plant diversity planted can absorb pollutants and dust, improving the air quality around the campus, and providing a cool feeling by creating a shady green area. In addition, it can also be used as a learning medium for students. So far, there have been several known global extinctions, and many species have not been recorded and may be extinct (Corlett, 2016).

Therefore, the diversity of flora in Indonesia must be protected and preserved so that it can be utilized by the community for future interests (Widia, 2018). For this reason, efforts to explore and preserve the diversity of plant species are significant. This study aimed to identify the diversity of medicinal plants planted as ornamental and shade plants and to determine the plant diversity index on the campus of Universitas Mahasaraswati (UNMAS) Denpasar. Plant biodiversity and green open spaces are a means for the academic community to learn about plant diversity and make it a learning medium so that awareness grows to preserve it.

 LITERATURE REVIEW

Flora diversity is the diversity or variation of plant species in a particular region or ecosystem, including variations in shape, structure, color, and other characteristics.

There are two components of species diversity: species richness and evenness. Species richness is the number of species in a community, calculated by the species or area index, namely the number of species per unit area. Evenness or adequacy is the even distribution of individuals among species. Species richness and evenness are essential components of biodiversity. Species richness indicates the diversity of life, while species evenness indicates the balance of the ecosystem.

 METHODOLOGY Study Area

This research was conducted from January to March 2025. The research sites were located in the Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar Campus Environment. This research used an exploration survey method, namely observations were made directly at the research location. The data were collected using a cruising technique, by exploring each location of one area where there is plant vegetation. Data collection was carried out throughout the Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar area.

 Documentation

The collected specimens were then photographed, the local name, scientific name of the species, stature, and ethnicity were recorded (Rugayah et al., 2004). All plant samples obtained from the research location had been

identified, so it was done by matching them with the candra in the flora book and images on the plantNet. The scientific name was validated using an online database on the Integrated Taxonomic Information System website through http://www.theplantlist.org and https://plantamor.com.

 Data Analysis

The data obtained were analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. Furthermore, the process of plant identification was analyzed by describing the characteristics of the plants found and quantitative analysis to calculate plant diversity using the Shannon-Wienner diversity index formula as follows:

H’ = - ∑(pi ln pi )

Where

pi = ni/N

H’= Diversity Index

Ni= Number of individuals in one species

N = Total number of individuals of the species found Ln= Natural logarithm

Table 1. Interpretation of Shannon-Wiener diversity index values

Index Values

Category

H' > 3

High

1 ≤ H' ≤ 3

Moderate

H' < 1

Low

(Rozak, 2020).

 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plant Diversity

The results documented a total of 154 species, 122 genera were obtained, spread across 54 families. The largest families were Araceae (21), followed by Asparagaceae (12) and Acanthaceae (8). As many as 146 species (94.8%) of 154 species were found to be medicinal plants. At the same time, the other eight species are plants that have benefits as air purifiers. The largest species is dominated by Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb. (144). Plant families and a number of species are presented in Table 2. This finding is higher than the 127 species of medicinal plants on the IPB campus (Mustari, 2022), 150 plants planted at UIN Walisongo (Kusumarini et al., 2022), 69 medicinal plants in North Kluet (Antika et al., 2024), and 124 species of medicinal plants in Bugbug Village (Ratnani & Junitha, 2025).

Table 2. The Diversity of Plants at Unmas Campus

Familiy/Scientific Name

Vernacular

Name

Life

form

Diversity index

 Benefits

∑

Pi

 Ln pi

pilnpi

Acanthaceae

Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.)

Franco

cemara natal

T

10

0,0036

-5,622

0,02

cough, bronchitis, worms

Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anderson

padang israel

S

34

0,0123

-4,398

0,069

anthelmintic, antidiabetic astrigent,

anti-inflammatory.

Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.)

Nees

crossandra

S

2

0,0007

-7,231

0,004

fever, headache, aperitif, wound

Justicia pectoralis (Jacq.) J.F.Gmel.

willow

S

41

0,0148

-4,211

0,083

cough, bronchitis, asthma, dysmenorrhea,

antidiabetic

Graptophyllum pictum

(L.) Griff.

don temen

S

1

0,0004

-7,924

0,002

hemorrhoids, kidney

disease, antidiabetic

Pseuderanthemum maculatum

(G.Lodd.) I.M.Turner

melati jepang

S

4

0,0014

-6,538

0,008

dengue fever, cold

Ruellia

simplex C.Wright

krepetan

S

52

0,0188

-3,973

0,106

diuretic, antipiretik,

antidiabetic

Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.

ponggang

H

6

0,0022

-6,133

0,012

dysentery, cataract, fraktur, snake bite wound,

itchy

Amaryllidaceae

Hymenocallis littoralis

(Jacq.) Salisb.

bakung

H

144

0,0521

-2,955

0,293

wound, toothache,

pharyngitis

Anacardiaceae

Spondias dulcis Parkinson

kedondong

T

1

0,0004

-7,924

0,002

cough, atherosclerosis,

anemia

Annonaceae

Annona muricata L.

srikaya

S

1

0,0004

-7,924

0,002

gout, insomnia

Annona squamosa L.

silik

S

3

0,0011

-6,826

0,006

gout

Cananga odorata

var.fruticosa

sandat

S

54

0,0195

-3,935

0,11

eczema, hypertension,

antiinflammatory

Apocynaceae

Adenium obesum (Forssk) Roem

& Schult.

jepun jepang

T

10

0,0036

-5,622

0,02

wound, antibiotic, yaws

Calotropis

igantea (L)W.T.Aiton

medori

S

1

0,0004

-7,924

0,002

wound, toothache,

fever

Catharanthus

roseus (L.) G.Don

tapak dara

S

5

0,0018

-6,315

0,01

dermatosis,

antidiabetic cancer

Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.)

R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult

tulud nyuh

S

76

 0,0275

-3,594

0,155

cough, wound, fever, fracture, headache

Plumeria alba L.

jepun

T

29

 0,0105

-4,557

0,059

headache, antibiotic,

toothache

Plumeria rubra L.

jepun

T

40

 0,0145

-4,236

0,081

headache, antibiotic,

toothache

Araceae

Aglaonema

commutatum Schott

sri rejeki

H

7

 0,0025

-5,979

0,014

dermatosis

Aglaonema

nitidum(Jack) Kunth

sri rejeki

H

3

 0,0011

-6,826

0,006

edema, fever

Alocasia macrorrhizos

(L.) G.Don

bira

H

1

 0,0004

-7,924

0,002

rheumatism, cancer

Alocasia

cucullata (Lour.) G.Don

keladi bikul

H

24

 0,0087

-4,746

0,049

cancer,

antiinflammatory, antibacterial.

Anthurium clarinervium

Matuda

kuping

gajah

H

21

 0,0076

-4,88

0,043

kidney disease,

antidiabetic, edema

Anthurium

hookeri Kunth

gelombang

cinta

H

2

 0,0007

-7,231

0,004

kidney disease,

antidiabetic, edema

Anthurium schlechtendalii Kunth

ekor

burung pegar

H

1

 0,0004

-7,924

0,002

sprain, rheumatism, arthritis

Caladium bicolor (Aiton)

Vent.

keladi tisu

H

35

 0,0127

-4,369

0,071

antibacterial, allergies,

cough

Dieffenbachia oerstedii

(Schott)

don bagia

H

4

 0,0014

-6,538

0,008

antibacterial, cough

Dieffenbachia

seguine (Jacq) Schott

sri rejeki

H

50

 0,0181

-4,012

0,102

ithchy

Dieffenbachia tonduzii Croat &

Grayum

sri rejeki

H

2

 0,0007

-7,231

0,004

antibiotic

Epipremnum aureum (Linden&

ndré).S.Bunting

sirih gading

H

8

 0,0029

-5,845

0,016

cough, tonic

Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl.

ikuh naga

H

3

 0,0011

-6,826

0,006

rheumatism, cough

cancer, hypertension, fracture

Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott

ex Endl.

philo

H

7

 0,0025

-5,979

0,014

air purification

Philodendron burlemarxii

G.M.Barroso

pilo brekele

H

17

 0,0062

-5,091

0,035

air purification

Philodendron

martianum Engl.

philo katak

H

2

 0,0007

-7,231

0,004

headache

Monstera

adansonii Schott

monstera

H

17

 0,0062

-5,091

0,035

air purification

Spathiphyllum

floribundum Schott

lili kuning

H

5

0,0018

-6,315

0,01

air purification

Syngonium

podophyllum Schott

syngonium

H

5

0,0018

-6,315

0,01

dermatosis,

stomachache

Syngonium auritum (L.)

Schott

syngonium

H

88

0,0318

-3,447

0,179

dermatosis,

stomachache

Zamioculcas zamiifolia (G.Lodd.)

Engl.

don dollar

H

21

0,0076

-4,88

0,043

wound, arthritis, dermatosis

Araliaceae

Osmoxylon lineare (Merr.)

Philipson

ararea

S

29

0,0105

-4,557

0,059

wound, diarrhea

Polyscias balfouriana (André)

L.H.Bailey

mangkokan kecil

S

33

0,0119

-4,428

0,067

anti-bacterial, cancer

Polyscias scutellaria (Burm.f.)

Fosberg

mangkokan

S

25

0,009

-4,706

0,051

anti-bacterial, cancer

Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms.

kedondong laut

H

3

0,0011

-6,826

0,006

hemorrhoids, antihistamines antiinflammatory,

cancer

Schefflera grandiflora (A.C.Sm.)

Frodin

kayu tulak

S

2

0,0007

-7,231

0,004

chicken pox, diarrhea, hypertension

Arecaceae

Adonidia merrillii

(Becc.)Becc.

palm putri

T

18

0,0065

-5,034

0,037

wound, antioksidant,

cancer, antivirus

Cocos nucifera var.

eburnea

nyuh

gading

T

10

0,0036

-5,622

0,02

stomatitis, cough

Dypsis

lutescens (H.Wendl.) Beentje & J.Dransf.

palem kuning

T

55

0,0199

-3,917

0,112

antioksidant, cancer,

Wodyetia bifurcata

palem

T

20

0,0072

-4,929

0,041

hepatoprotektif, antifungal,

antibacterial, cancer

Ptychosperma macarthurii

(H.Wendl. ex

H.J.Veitch)

palem jepang

T

9

0,0033

-5,727

0,018

air purification

Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) A.Henry

bregu

T

42

0,0152

-4,187

0,085

antiinflamatory, anti mutagenic, anti

mikroba, analgesic

Asphodelaceae

Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.

lidah buaya

H

8

0,0029

-5,845

0,016

burn, antidiabetic,

gerd frostbite

Aspleniaceae

Asplenium nidus L.

paku sarang

burung

H

21

0,0076

-4,88

0,043

sprain, dysentery, cancer

Asparagaceae.

Arthropodium cirrhatum (G. Forst.)

R. Br.

rock-lily

H

13

0,0047

-5,359

0,026

boil, edema

Chlorophytum

capense (L.) Voss

kanjut kuda

H

16

0,0058

-5,152

0,033

bronchitis, fractures,

burns. therapeutic

Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.)

Jacques

lili paris

H

15

0,0054

-5,216

0,031

antiinflamatory

Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A.Chev.

andong barak

S

77

0,0279

-3,581

0,157

tuberculosis, dysentery,

hemorrhoids

Dracaena fragrans (L.)

Ker Gawl.

sri gading

S

10

0,0036

-5,622

0,02

air purification

Dracaena reflexa Lam.

bambu

rejeki

S

11

0,004

-5,527

0,022

hemoptysis, toothache

cancer

Dracaena draco L

punyan

naga

T

10

0,0036

-5,622

0,02

diarrhea, dysentery

Dracaena marginata var.

tricolor

tricolor

H

3

0,0011

-6,826

0,006

air purification

Dracaena stuckyi (God.-

Leb.) Byng & Christenh.

gading

gajah

H

18

0,0065

-5,034

0,037

Dracaena trifasciata (Prain) Mabb.

lidah mertua

H

111

0,0402

-3,215

0,226

cough, bronchitis, antidiabetic,

dermatitis

Furcraea foetida (L.)

Haw.

lidah naga

S

11

0,004

-5,527

0,022

rheumatism, syphilis,

back pain

Yucca aloifolia L

bayonet spanyol

S

6

0,0022

-6,133

0,012

colitis, osteoarthritis,

hypertension, headache

Asteraceae

Chrysanthemum × morifolium

(Ramat.) Hemsl.

seroni

S

9

0,0033

-5,727

0,018

fever, hypertension, osteoporosis

Bignoniaceae

Podranea ricasoliana (Tanfani)

Sprague

cekomaria

H

15

0,0054

-5,216

0,031

fever, headaches, stomach ache.

Spathodea

campanulata P.Beauv.

kembang

kecrutan

T

1

0,0004

-7,924

0,002

malaria, antidiabetic,

kidney disease

Bromeliaceae

Nidularium

fulgens Lem.

bromelia

H

27

0,0098

-4,629

0,055

worm

Cactaceae

Careus hildmannianus

K.Schum.

dui

belatung

S

8

0,0029

-5,845

0,016

antidiabetic, cancer

Careus hexagonus (L.) Mill.

dui belatung

lengis

S

8

0,0029

-5,845

0,016

antidiabetic, cancer

Opuntia cochenillifera (L.) Mill.

dui belatung

S

5

0,0018

-6,315

0,01

rheumatism, diarrhea, toothache,

antidiabetic, cancer

Canellaceae

Warburgia ugandensis

Sprague

warburgia

T

2

0,0007

-7,231

0,004

diarrhea, toothache,

malaria, jaundice

Caricaceae

Carica papaya L.

gedang

H

3

0,0011

-6,826

0,006

antidengue, anticancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, anti-

inflammatory

Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.)

I.M.Johnst.

gedang jepang

S

23

0,0083

-4,789

0,047

constipation, anemia,

hypertension, antidiabetic

Combretaceae

Terminalia catappa L.

ketapang

T

3

0,0011

-6,826

0,006

dermatosis, hepatitis,

antidiabetic, osteoarthritis

Commelinaceae.

Callisia repens (Jacq.) L.

pucuk ungu

S

3

0,0011

-6,826

0,006

antiinflamatory,

cough, antimikroba

Tradescantia spathacea

Sw.

manas

kerang

H

28

0,0101

-4,592

0,057

cough, diarrhea,

bronchitis

Costaceae

Costus spiralis (Jacq)

Roscoe

temu tiying

H

5

0,0018

-6,315

0,01

muscle spasms,

antifertilitas

Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig)

S.R.Dutta

pacing

H

6

0,0022

-6,133

0,012

asthma, wound,

kidney disease, liver, afrodisiak.

Crassulaceae

Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym-

Hamet & H.Perrier

cocor bebek

H

1

0,0004

-7,924

0,002

cough, asthma, fever, dyspepsia,

antidiabetic

Cupressaceae

Juniperus chinensis L.

cemara

T

10

0,0036

-5,622

0,02

antidiabetic,

dermatitis

Euphorbiaceae

Acalypha

siamensis Oliv. Ex Gage

teh-tehan

S

83

0,03

-3,506

0,169

fever, diuretic, kidney

disease

Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph.

Ex A.Juss.

kayu mas

S

59

0,0213

-3,847

0,12

diarrhea, fever, sifilis

Euphorbia milii Des Moul.

pakis giwang

S

10

0,0036

-5,622

0,02

antioksidan, antibacterial,

imunomodulator.

Excoecaria

cochinchinensis Lour.

sambang

darah

S

58

0,021

-3,864

0,118

itchy, bleeding,

dysentery,

Jatropha multifida L.

jarak tintir

S

3

0,0011

-6,826

0,006

wound, colic,

Pedilanthus

tithymaloides (L.) Poit.

zigzag

S

101

0,0365

-3,309

0,205

antiinflamatory,

hemostatic, fracture

Fabaceae

Caesalpinia pulcerrima

merak

S

3

0,0011

-6,826

0,006

itchy, cough

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.)

de Wit

lamtoro

S

5

0,0018

-6,315

0,01

antidiabetic, constipation, worms, kidney disease,

fracture

Senna

surattensis (Burm.f.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

kembang kuning

S

3

0,0011

-6,826

0,006

constipation, hemorrhoids, varicose

vein

Heliconiaceae

Heliconia

psittacorum L.f.

pisang-

pisangan

H

52

0,0188

-3,973

0,106

stomachache

Iridaceae

Trimezia martinicensis

(Jacq) Herb

iris kuning

H

5

0,0018

-6,315

0,01

wound, sprain, back

pain

Lamiaceae

Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth.

miana

H

5

0,0018

-6,315

0,01

konjungtivitis, cough,

stomatitis, asthma, hemorrhoids

Orthosiphon aristatus

kumis

kucing

H

4

0,0014

-6,538

0,008

nephrolithiasis, gout

Vitex trifolia L.

liligundi

S

3

0,0011

-6,826

0,006

lumbago

Lythraceae

Cuphea

hyssopifolia Kunth

taiwan

beauty

S

122

0,0441

-3,12

0,248

cough, dermatitis,

sprain, rheumatism

Magnoliaceae

Michelia champaca L.

cempaka

T

1

0,0004

-7,924

0,002

stomatitis, bronchitis, leocorrhea, prostatitis,

fever

Malvaceae

Durio zibethinus L.

duren

T

1

0,0004

-7,924

0,002

fever, wound,

jaundice, malaria

Pachira glabra Pasq

pachira

T

5

0,0018

-6,315

0,01

cardiovascular

disease, hypertension

Hibiscus fragilis DC.

pucuk

S

21

0,0076

-4,88

0,043

fever, stomatitis, urinary tract infection,

antidiabetic

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.

pucuk bang

S

25

0,009

-4,706

0,051

fever, stomatitis, urinary tract infection,

antidiabetic

Melastomaceae

Medinilla magnifica Lindl.

parijata

S

1

0,0004

-7,924

0,002

hiperlipidemia,

antidiabetic insomnia, stomatitis, diarrhea

Marantaceae

Calathea lutea (Aubl.) E.Mey.

ex Schult.

kalatea pisang

S

6

0,0022

-6,133

0,012

antibacterial

Goeppertia picturata (K.Koch &

Linden) Borchs. &

S.Suárez

meranti irut

S

17

0,0062

-5,091

0,035

air purification

Moraceae

Ficus lyrata Hance

ketapang

biola

T

7

0,0025

-5,979

0,014

asthma, cough, colic,

pharyngitis

Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.

karet kebo

T

3

0,0011

-6,826

0,006

hypertension, stroke, arthritis, diarrhea,

rheumatism

Myrtaceae

Eugenia brasiliensis

Lam.

eugenia

S

2

0,0007

-7,231

0,004

toothache,

hypertension

Psidium guajava L.

nyambu sotong

T

1

0,0004

-7,924

0,002

diarrhea, cough, antidiabetic, dengue

fever

Syzygium paniculatum Gaertn

pucuk merah

T

58

0,021

-3,864

0,118

antidiabetic,

stomachache, irritable bowel syndrome

Syzygium

malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry

nyambu bol

T

6

0,0022

-6,133

0,012

inflammatory,

stomatitis, antidiabetic, diarrhea

Syzygium samarangense (Blume)

Merr

nyambu er

T

1

0,0004

-7,924

0,002

antidiabetic, diarrhea, antihiperglikemik,

cancer

Nyctaginaceae

Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.

bunga kertas

S

22

0,008

-4,833

0,045

wound, diarrhea, cough, fever,

toothache

Ochnaceae

Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr.

buah ajaib

S

1

0,0004

-7,924

0,002

tuberculosis, cough, antidiabetic, cancer, asthma epilepsy,

hypertension,

Orchidaceae

Cattleya warscewiczii Rchb.f.

anggrek catelya

H

28

0,0101

-4,592

0,057

fever, burn

Dendrobium

nobile Lindl.

anggrek

citra

H

4

0,0014

-6,538

0,008

fever, burn

Oncidium sphacelatum Lindl.

anggrek golden

shower

H

3

0,0011

-6,826

0,006

fever, headache, and digestive issues.

Phalaenopsis

amabilis (L.) Blume

anggrek

bulan

H

20

0,0072

-4,929

0,041

headache, backache,

chest pain,

Phalaenopsis ×

singuliflora J.J.Sm.

anggrek

ngengat

H

3

 0,0011

-6,826

0,006

alergies, asthma,

dysentery

Oleaceae

Jasminum sambac (L.)

Aiton

melati

S

3

 0,0011

-6,826

0,006

diarrhea, antidiabetic,

cardiovascular disease

Ligustrum

japonicum Thunb.

privet

jepang

S

1

 0,0004

-7,924

0,002

antibiotic,

inflammatory

Oxalidaceae

Averrhoa carambola L.

belimbing

besi

T

1

 0,0004

-7,924

0,002

cough, fever,

dyspepsia

Averrhoa bilimbi L.

belimbing

buluh

T

1

 0,0004

-7,924

0,002

cough

Petiveriaceae

Rivina humilis L.

getih-

getihan

S

53

 0,0192

-3,954

0,108

wound, diarrhea,

gonorhoe, jaundice

Piperaceae

Piper betle L.

base

H

2

 0,0007

-7,231

0,004

vertigo, nausea, fever, deoxygenated blood, epistaxis, dyspepsia, asthma, smallpox, dysuria, wound,

tumor

Phyllathaceae

Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.

boni

T

1

 0,0004

-7,924

0,002

wound, anemia, syphilis, cardiovascular

disease, antidiabetic

Breynia androgyna (L.) Chakrab.

&N.PBalakr.

don kayu manis

S

13

 0,0047

-5,359

0,026

anemia, wound, diabetes mellitus,

osteoporosis

Breynia disticha J.R.Forst.&

G.Forst.

ambal

S

10

 0,0036

-5,622

0,02

jaundice, fever, dermatitis

Poaceae

Bambusa vulgaris

Schrad

tiying

gading

H

3

 0,0011

-6,826

0,006

liver

Imperata cylindrica L.

ambengan

H

33

 0,0119

-4,428

0,067

leprosy, kidney disease, wound,

dyspepsia, cancer

Pseudosasa japonica (Siebold &

Zucc. ex Steud.) Makino

ex Nakai

tiying jepang

S

20

 0,0072

-4,929

0,041

anthelmintic, asthma, coughs, gallbladder disorders,

ophthalmia, toothache

Polypodiaceae

Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C.Presl

paku pipid

H

15

 0,0054

-5,216

0,031

dyspepsia, cough, amnesia, chest congestion, anorexia,

rheumatism

Phymatosorus

scolopendria

paku wangi

H

12

 0,0043

-5,44

0,024

wounds, boils,

abscesses, headache,

(Burm.f.) Pic.Serm.

filariasis, diarrhea,

arthritis

Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav,)

C.Chr

simbar menjangan

H

43

 0,0156

-4,163

0,087

ulcers, coughs, hypertension

Rosaceae

Rhaphiolepis umbellata (Thunb.)

sakura jepang

S

23

 0,0083

-4,789

0,047

antiinflamatory,

antioksidant, astringent

Rosa indica L.

mawar

S

3

 0,0011

-6,826

0,006

infections, inflammation, constipation, premenstrual syndrome, dermatosis, headache,

konjungtivitis

Rubiaceae

Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis

jempiring

S

26

 0,0094

-4,666

0,053

toothache, stomatitis, constipation,

antidiabetic

Ixora chinensis L.

soka jepang

S

8

 0,0029

-5,845

0,016

headache, stomachache, wound, hypertension, tuberculosis, hemorrhage,

amenorrhea, diarrhea

Ixora coccinea L.

soka

S

26

 0,0094

-4,666

0,053

wound, tuberculosis, menorrhagia, dysentery,

hemorrhoids

Morinda citrifolia L.

tibah

S

1

 0,0004

-7,924

0,002

anthelminthic, antidiabetic, gastritis, skin diseases, respiratory infections, menstrual, urinary tract disorders, fever,

venereal diseases

Rutaceae

Citrus× amblycarpa (Hassk.)

Ochse

limo

T

1

 0,0004

-7,924

0,002

antidiabetic, antiinflamatory,

kidney disease, cancer

Citrus×

aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle

juuk lengis

T

3

 0,0011

-6,826

0,006

dyspepsia, arthritis, cough, liver, menstrual disorders, bladder calculi,

rheumatism

Sapindaceae

Dimocarpus

longan Lour.

kelengkeng

T

2

 0,0007

-7,231

0,004

amnesia, anemia,

cancer, insomnia,

neural

pain, parkinson, osteoporosis

Sapotaceae

Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard

sawo kecik

T

2

 0,0007

-7,231

0,004

diarrhea, fever,

anthelmintic, antileprotik

Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen

saba

T

3

 0,0011

-6,826

0,006

antidiabetic, fever, diarrhea,

hepatoprotektor

Solanaceae

Capsicum annuum L

tabia

S

1

 0,0004

-7,924

0,002

toothache, boil, fever, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, shingles, rheumatoid

arthritis

Capsicum frutescens L.

tabia

S

2

 0,0007

-7,231

0,004

toothache antidiabetic, fever, wound, psoriasis, antihistamine,

rheumatism

Urticaceae

Pilea nummulariifolia (Sw.)

Wedd.

pilea

S

4

 0,0014

-6,538

0,008

diuretic, anti- inflammatory

Verbenaceae

Duranta erecta L.

sinyo nakal

S

32

 0,0116

-4,459

0,065

fever,itchy, infertility, intestinal worms, kidney stone,

pneumonia, malaria

Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.)

Briq.

lantana merayap

S

39

 0,0141

-4,261

0,079

bleeding, itchy, fever, cancer, respiratory infections,

rheumatism

Vitaceae

Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr.

girang

S

18

 0,0065

-5,034

0,037

asthma, wounds, headache, dermatosis, fever, sprain, dysentery, arthralgia, antidiabetic, fracture,

rheumatism

Zingiberaceae

Elettaria

cardamomum (L.) Maton

kapulaga

H

21

 0,0076

-4,88

0,043

bronchitis, cancer, cough, rheumatism, nauseous, alzheimer,

antiemetic

Alpinia galanga (L) Willd

isen

H

3

 0,0011

-6,826

0,006

cough, menstrual disorders, stomachache,

rheumatism

Zingiber zerumbet (L)

Roscoe

ex Sm.

gamongan

H

18

0,0065

-5,034

0,037

anti-inflammatory, fever, chicken pox, smallpox,gastritis,

lumbago

Where: H=herbs; S=shrubs; T=tree

 Classification by Family

Most of the Araceae family of herbs, including Syngonium auritum, Dieffenbachia seguine, Caladium bicolor, Alocasia cucullata, Anthurium clarinervium Matuda, Zamioculcas zamiifolia. The Asparagaceae family is a beautiful leafy ornamental plant. Members of the Asparagaceae family include Dracaena trifasciata, Dracaena fragrans, Cordyline fruticose, Chlorophytum capense. Meanwhile, the Acanthaceae family is a beautiful flowering shrub plant, namely Asystasia gangetica, Crossandra infundibuliformis, Justicia pectoralis, Pseuderanthemum maculatum, Ruellia simplex, Thunbergia grandiflora.

 Classification Based on Plant Life Forms

Based on the life forms of plants found on the UNMAS Denpasar Campus, they vary from herbaceous, shrub and tree habitus. Grouping plants based on their stature was the first grouping carried out by experts at the beginning of the development of botany (Tjitrosoedirdjo & Chikmawati, 2014). The shrub level category is the highest (64 = 41.55%), followed by herbs (57 = 37.01%) and trees (33 = 21.42%). Ornamental shrubs planted in the UNMAS campus environment consist of beautiful flowering plants such as Michelia champaca, Plumeria rubra, Chrysanthemum × morifolium. In contrast, beautiful leafy plants include Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Calathea lutea, and Cordyline fruticosa. Shrubs are often chosen as ornamental plants because they are easy to care for. Most herbaceous plants are ornamental plants with beautiful leaves and flowers. Ornamental plants in the form of trees function as shade plants planted around campus buildings. Shade trees are very important on campus because they can reduce the light intensity due to the hot weather in Denpasar.

 Diversity Index Value

The diversity index value at each of the life forms of plant level includes shrubs in the high category, namely 3.52, herbs in the high category (3.383), and trees in the medium category (2.759). The largest species was dominated by Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb. (144) with a diversity index value of 0.293. Meanwhile, the overall diversity index is 5.622, including the high category. This finding is higher than the diversity index on the Gorontalo State University Bone Bolango campus, namely 3.11 (Mokodompit et al., 2022). If H’>3, then the diversity index is high, in line with what Fachrul (2007) stated. This is caused by a community with more than one species where productivity is high, and ecosystem conditions are good. The high or low diversity index of a plant community’s depends on the number of species and species richness or the number of individuals of each species. According to Indriyanto (2006), species diversity can be used to explain community structure.

Species diversity can also be used to measure community stability, namely the ability of a community to maintain stability despite a disturbance to its components. The overall diversity index of plants on the campus of UNMAS Denpasar has a value of 5,622 (Table 1). This value indicates that the number of species among the individuals is high. The high or low value of the diversity index of a species is influenced by the number of species and the number of individuals identified. According to Destaranti et al. (2017), the more species found, the higher the diversity index value, and the higher the diversity value, the more stable the community.

The diversity index value for plants on the campus of UNMAS Denpasar is categorized as high, with a value of H'= 5.622. This shows that the level of plant diversity on the campus of UNMAS Denpasar is still very good, as evidenced by the number of very diverse species found and the number of individuals of each species, which varies greatly. The higher the diversity value of an area, the more stable the community (Wirakusumah, 2003).

 Implications and Potential

Plants in the campus environment of UNMAS Denpasar that have been identified and appropriately inventoried have enormous potential. When a plant is correctly identified and given a scientific name, it has the potential to open the door to much information about every plant on earth (Rifai, 1973). Both written and online literature searches can describe the various disciplines humans have discovered related to the plant. As many as 94.8% of medicinal plant species are found in the UNMAS Denpasar campus environment. This finding is expected to support the supporting facilities of the UNMAS campus as a learning medium (biopharmaceuticals), considering that UNMAS Denpasar has two faculties and two study programs that focus on the health field, namely the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Dentistry, Undergraduate Medical Study Program and Professional Doctor Education. Plant biodiversity and green open spaces are a means for the academic community to learn about plant diversity and make it a learning medium so that awareness grows to preserve it.

In addition, clinic and hospitals facilities that are widely visited by the general public can provide it a comfortable place with clean and fresh air. The diversity of plant species, green open spaces, and beauty are very important to understanding their functions and maintaining their existence. Biodiversity conservation is a significant effort to create a sustainable campus and city.

 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The results documented 154 species, 122 genera spread across 54 families. The largest families are Araceae (21), Asparagaceae (12), and Acanthaceae (8). As many as 146 species (94.8%) of 154 species were found to be medicinal plants. The largest species was dominated by Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb. The shrub level category was the highest (64), followed by herbs (57) and trees (33). The diversity index value of H’ = 5.622, which is included in the high category. The diversity index values at each level include shrubs = 3.52 (high), herbs = 3.383 (high), and trees = 2.759 (medium). This finding is expected to support the supporting facilities of the campus as a learning medium (biopharmaceuticals).

The diversity of plant species, green open spaces, and beauty are very important to understanding their functions and maintaining their existence. Biodiversity conservation is a significant effort to create a sustainable campus and city.

 ADVANCED RESEARCH

The research conducted is limited to identifying diversity and diversity index. Therefore, further research is needed on ethnobotany and the chemical content of medicinal plants, especially endemic plant species. Ethnobotany is needed to determine other uses for medicinal plants besides treatment. Meanwhile, the chemical content of endemic medicinal plants serves as basic information about the role of these plants in traditional medicine.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was fully funded by Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar. The authors are grateful to all people in the studied area, especially colleagues and biology students class of 2024, for their kind hospitality and participation.

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