Tower cranes are vital heavy equipment in high-rise building construction projects due to their ability to lift heavy materials to heights and hard-to-reach areas, thus speeding up the construction process. However, despite its efficiency, the use of tower cranes also carries a high risk, especially if not accompanied by adequate technical understanding and implementation of work safety. Work accidents on construction projects are generally caused by unsafe conditions and unsafe behavior, which are rooted in low awareness of the importance of OSH (Soekiswara, 2020).

According to Tempo Magazine (2018) states that the number of work accidents to tower cranes in Indonesia is still high, such as in the double-double track railway project in Jatinegara, where a tower crane collapsed which caused 4 workers to die, or in the case of an accident on the Palembang Light Trail Transit (LRT) construction project where the LRT support pole fell which caused 2 workers to die. For this reason, the application of Occupational Safety and health (OSH) is very important in minimizing risks. Occupational safety has been regulated in the national regulation Law Number 1 of 1970 which emphasizes the need for a protection system for workers. This research aims to identify potential risks of work accidents on tower cranes and develop control measures with occupational safety and health (OSH) principles to improve safety and encourage the development of risk management in the construction sector.

Figure 1. Research Flow

This study uses a descriptive quantitative approach that aims to describe the application of occupational safety and health (OSH) and identify the risk of work accidents in the use of tower cranes. Data collection was carried out through distributing questionnaires and interviews to 51 respondents of PT. B on the Hospital A construction project in Majalengka consisting of the head of the HSE division, tower crane operators, quality control, implementers, mechanics, demolition technicians, foremen, and field workers. The sampling technique used is typical case sampling, while the data source consists of primary data (questionnaires, interviews, and direct observation in the field) and secondary data in the form of company documents such as SOPs, inspection documents, and tower crane technical drawings.

The questionnaires distributed were divided into two types, namely, the application of OSH to tower cranes in the field using a dichotomous scale, and potential risks to tower cranes using a Likert scale of 1 to 5. Data processing was then carried out using IBM SPSS version 22 software to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. The validity test states that the instrument is valid if the value of r count> r table, while the reliability test uses the Cronbach's Alpha method with an alpha value> 0.60 declared sufficient and> 0.80 declared very strong and consistent. For risk management analysis, the Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) and Job Safety Analysis (JSA) methods were used to map potential hazards and formulate appropriate control measures.

The results of the validity test of the questionnaires that have been distributed using IBM SPSS 22, show that the r value obtained is> r table value (0.232) with a total sample of 51 respondents. And the reliability test results resulted in a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.928 for variables X1 and X2 and 0.960 for variable X3, both of which exceeded the 0.8 threshold. These results indicate that the data obtained is valine and consistent so that it can be used in the further analysis process.

Table 1. Cronbach's Alpha Assessment

The assessment of variables related to workers’ compliance with occupational safety regulations refers to Government Regulation No. 50 of 2012 concerning the Occupational Safety and Health Management System. This assessment uses the percentage of “yes” and “no” responses to categorize the

level of compliance. The results are then interpreted to indicate the risk category, where a higher percentage of “yes” answers reflects better compliance and a lower risk level, while a higher percentage of “no” answers suggest lower compliance and a potentially higher risk category.

𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑳𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 =

𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 "𝒀𝒆𝒔" 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒔

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑳𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑿𝟏. 𝟏 = 𝟓𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎

The compliance level percentage for variable X1.1, based on the "yes" responses, was 92.16%, indicating that the OSH system has been implemented comprehensively and consistently. Meanwhile, the "no" responses reflect the presence of risks within the assessed category.

Table 3. Level of Worker Compliance with OSH Procedures in the Field

The results, referring to Government Regulation No. 50 of 2012 concerning the Occupational Safety and Health Management System, show that the level of worker compliance with the implementation of OSH in human behavior indicators across all variable elements is categorized as high. For environmental and equipment indicators, compliance is also high across all variables, except for variable X2.18, which falls into the good category. This high level of compliance not only reflects workers’ awareness of the importance of occupational safety but also indicates that the OSH management system has been implemented effectively and consistently within the project environment.

Risk assessment on tower cranes using the Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control (HIRARC) method is conducted through a risk assessment matrix. This involves multiplying the severity and likelihood values to determine the level of risk. The results are then categorized into four risk levels: extreme, high, medium, and low. The risk level is calculated using the following formula:

Where :

The results of the risk assessment using the risk matrix for 22 variables produced risk indices classified into two risk categories: high and medium, both of which require further control measures to minimize these risks effectively.

The level of compliance with the application of occupational safety and health (OSH) in construction projects, especially those using tower cranes, can reflect workers' understanding of the importance of work safety, and shows that the OSH management system implemented has been running effectively and consistently in the project environment. Based on 51 respondents tested, the results of the level of worker compliance for 24 variables of OSH application of work behavior indicators with high compliance category, which means that the OSH system for tower cranes has been implemented thoroughly and consistently in the field.

Meanwhile, in the implementation of OSH indicators for the environment and equipment, 24 variables have a high compliance category and 1 variable has a good compliance category level, namely variable X2.18. The good category means that OSH implementation is quite good but still requires improvement in several aspects. Overall, the implementation of OSH has been carried out thoroughly and consistently, but it is not optimal so it still requires further control. The further controls that can be carried out are periodic monitoring, routine HSE safety partol, safety morning talk related to the application of OSH, installation of safety signs, daily inspection of tower cranes, and a prohibition zone under the tower crane area. (Alwie et al., 2020).20)

In addition to the implementation of OSH to minimize work accidents, it is also necessary to identify risks to tower cranes. This risk identification is done to find out what risks can occur during the work (Research et al., 2024) . Risk assessment is then carried out to determine the level of risk so that risk control can be carried out so that the level of risk can be minimized. Based on the Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) method for 22 variables, a high risk category was obtained for 21 variables and medium for 1 variable. The high category means a Medical Treatment Case (MTC) or a work accident case that requires wound treatment from medical professionals, and the medium category means an accident that needs action to reduce the risk of work accidents. Based on the Hierarchy of Control, risk control is carried out to reduce the level of risk. As for additional management, a Job Safety Analysis (JSA) can be made of risks based on job steps that have a high level or category.

This research has limitations in terms of the number of respondents, location coverage, duration of implementation, and availability of funds. These factors affect the breadth of data that can be collected and analyzed. Therefore, it is recommended that future studies involve more diverse respondents, cover a wider area, and are supported by more adequate time and budget to obtain more representative results.

All praise and gratitude go to God Almighty for His grace and guidance, so that the preparation of this scientific paper can be completed properly. The authors also express their appreciation and gratitude to all those who have provided assistance, direction, and support during the process of writing this work.