According to (Hood, 1991), New Public Management (NPM) is a public sector management approach that emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s. NPM is a response to the need for public service reform, with a focus on efficiency, effectiveness, and the application of private sector management principles into the public sector. NPM also highlights aspects of decentralization, competition, and a focus on results in the delivery of public services. The essence of NPM is the transformation of traditional bureaucracy that tends to be rigid and hierarchical into a more flexible, responsive, and customer-oriented organization. In addition, According to (Denhardt & Denhardt, 2000)), New Public Management (NPM) is a paradigm in public administration that focuses on the efficiency, effectiveness, and application of private sector management principles in the public sector. NPM is often described as an approach that positions public managers as "entrepreneurs" who steer government organizations toward a leaner, privatized structure. This approach seeks to "steer" public organizations rather than "rowing" services directly.

The term collaborative governance according to (Ansell and Gash, 2008) by (Astuti, R.S., Warsono, H., & Rachim, 2020) is a governance management procedure that involves stakeholders directly both in the government and outside the government, oriented towards consensus and deliberation in the collective decision-making process that aims to implement or make public

policies and other public programs. According to (Tilano, Aldi & Suwitri, 2019) Ansell and Gash also explain that collaborative governance is a set of rules that involve one or more public institutions and directly involve non-state stakeholders in the policy-making process that is formal, consensus-oriented, and deliberative. Its purpose is to formulate or implement public policies and manage public programs and assets. According to Ansell and Gash, collaborative governance is a policy process carried out by several public institutions together with other related parties, either directly or indirectly, with the aim of overcoming public problems.

His journal entitled "Collaborative Governance in Theory and Pratice," (Ansell & Gash, 2008) formulated a collaborative model based on a literature review. In the study, there are several indicators in the collaborative governance process , consisting of (1) initial conditions; (2) institutional design; (3) leadership; (4) collaborative processes. According to De Seve in Sudarmo (2011:11), by (Solikhin, 2019) that one of the indicators of the success of collaborative governance is the existence of a high level of trust among actors. This trust is formed through professional and social relationships, where the perpetrators rely on each other's information and efforts made by other parties in the network to achieve a common goal. For government agencies, this element is crucial because they need to believe that they can rely on partners, both from within the government and from outside, to carry out mutually agreed activities. According to (Astuti, R.S., Warsono, H., & Rachim, 2020) collaboration between government agencies and the private sector has been a major concern in various literatures, which suggests that these partnerships emerged earlier than collaboration between government and society. The business sector is often seen as having superior traditions and values in terms of efficiency and innovation compared to government agencies. The positive image of the business sector is often a consideration for the government to improve its efficiency and responsiveness. In addition, these partnerships also often serve as political symbols that reflect the government's concern for improving the quality of public services. Through this collaboration, it is hoped that the government will get a

positive assessment from the public.

The concept of Hexahelix according to (Lindmark et al., 2009) is a collaborative approach involving six main stakeholders, namely, the Government, the private sector, academics, organizations or communities, mass media, and society. The goal of this model is to create more effective synergies in achieving sustainable development goals. According to (Firmansyah et al., 2022) explains that hexahelix can be understood as a qualitative synthesis of quadruple and quantuple helix collaboration, which emphasizes the importance of optimizing the role of each actor in the development process.

The success of the Hexahelix model relies heavily on strong synergy and commitment among stakeholders. This model not only facilitates the achievement of empowerment goals, but also serves to prevent overlap of policies and programs among the parties involved. This is especially important given the complexity of the challenges faced in today's builders.

The hexahelix model has been applied in various sectors, including in the development of a creative digital ecosystem in Malang City. In this context, collaboration between the Government, the private sector, academics, organizations or communities, mass media, and the public is crucial to create innovation and sustainable economic growth (Anisykurlillah, 2024). In addition, hexahelix also plays a role in poverty alleviation efforts by involving all actors to formulate more inclusive and effective solutions.

According to James E. Anderson by (Maulana & Nugroho, 2019) public policy is defined as "A series or steps aimed at and implemented by an individual or group of individuals in addressing an issue or matter that is the focus of attention." which means a series of actions aimed at and carried out by an actor or a group of actors in dealing with a certain problem. From this explanation, it is emphasized that the public policy has 5 important implications, namely, (1) each policy has specific goals to be achieved; (2) policies consist of a series of actions or patterns of actions carried out by government officials; (3) policies reflect what is actually implemented by the government, not just desires or plans;

(4) policies can be positive or negative; (5) Public policies, especially those that are positive, are based on the law so that they have an authoritative nature.

These implications can reflect the view (Anderson, 2003) that public policy is the product of a political process that involves certain actors in dealing with social problems, taking into account the various alternatives and consequences of the actions taken. In this context, public policy includes not only the decision to act, but also the decision not to act, which also has a significant impact on society.

Policy implementation according to (Tachjan, 2006) is one of the crucial elements in the policy process, because without efficient implementation, the decisions taken by policymakers will not be implemented properly. Policy implementation activities arise after the official direction of a policy, which includes managing inputs to produce outputs or outcomes that are beneficial to the community. Policies generally include programs designed to achieve specific goals, as well as values embodied through planned actions. The goal is so that after a public policy is determined and implemented, its positive impact can be widely felt by the community, including by the policymakers themselves. In addition to having goals that must be achieved, the state as a public institution must also face problems that need to be addressed. These problems arise from the community itself and are a negative consequence of government decisions.

Implementation, according to (Amin and Pratiwi, 2015) by (Khumayah, 2021) is a stage that involves various sources, such as human resources, finance, and organizational capabilities. This stage is carried out by the government and the private sector, both individually and collectively, with the aim of achieving targets that have been previously set by policy makers. Meanwhile, according to (Widodo, 2001) by (Nurlailah, 2021) it is stated that policy implementation is a

crucial element in the overall policy process, because public policies that have been formulated will only provide benefits if implemented properly. A policy program needs to be implemented in order to achieve the expected impact or outcome. The implementation process is considered an interaction between a set of objectives and actions designed to achieve the goals of a policy.

Edward III by (Laary et al., 2022) stated that the implementation of policies is a very important stage, because how effectively a policy can be implemented will depend on careful preparation and planning. Without good preparation, the goals of public policy will not be achieved. On the other hand, even if the preparation and implementation of the policy is well done, if the policy itself is not formulated appropriately, then the desired goals will not be realized either. Edward emphasized that policy involves a complex interaction between various factors that influence each other. In the policy implementation model developed, there are four main factors that need to be considered, namely: (1) Positioning,

(2) Communication, (3) Resources, and (4) Bureaucratic Structure.

According to (Mohammad Riyan Hidayatulloh, 2023) Illegal parking refers to the practice of stopping carried out by drivers in a certain location for a certain period of time without a permit. Drivers tend to choose to park their vehicles close to the location of the activity they are doing. The phenomenon of illegal parking often occurs during large events, as well as in crowded areas, especially in large cities. This is due to the lack of parking facilities provided by the event organizers, so that the surrounding community uses vacant land to be used as a parking lot. At large events, illegal parking often takes advantage of the shoulder of the road, which negatively impacts the flow of traffic due to road narrowing. In addition, this can also reduce the speed of passing vehicles and cause congestion due to road cuts used for parking. Thus, illegal parking that utilizes the shoulder of the road is clearly detrimental to other road users.

According to (Directorate General of Land Transportation, 1996) in the research performance report, there are several definitions of parking that, (1) Parking is a non-moving vehicle that is a temporary vehicle. (2) Stopping is the temporary immobility of a vehicle with the driver not leaving the vehicle. (3) Parking facilities are locations that are determined as a place to stop vehicles that are not temporary to carry out activities for a certain period of time. (4) Parking facilities on the road body are parking facilities that use the roadside. (5) Off-road parking facilities are vehicle parking facilities outside the public roadside that are specially made or support activities that can be in the form of parking lots or parking buildings.

This ignores Law No. 22 of 2009 concerning traffic and road transportation (Ministry of Transportation, 2009), as well as Cirebon City Regulation No. 11 of 2019 concerning the implementation of parking considering that in accordance with article 43 paragraph (3) Parking Facilities in Road Owned Spaces can only be held in certain places on district roads, village roads, or city roads that must be declared with Traffic Signs, and/or Road Markings. and paragraph (4) Further provisions regarding Road Users of Parking facilities, licensing, maintenance and procedures for the operation of facilities and Parking for the

public are regulated by government regulations. Law No. 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation.

Cirebon City faces a significant problem of illegal parking, especially in high-density Traffic Orderly Areas such as on Jalan Dr. Sudarsono and Jalan Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. The increasing growth in the number of vehicles' due to

the abundance of shopping malls and services without being balanced by the provision of adequate parking spaces creates critical initial conditions. This leads to a violation of Regional Regulation No. 11 of 2019 concerning the implementation of parking, which should be a reference in official parking arrangements. In the research performance report, the Government as the main actor who holds the interest of a Hexahelix Collaboration is the Department of Transportation.

The government, according to the Cirebon City Transportation Office through the Parking UPT, explained that the occurrence of parking activities on the shoulder of the road is the result of the lack of available parking spaces and also the lack of awareness from its human resources. Even though traffic order area signs and parking prohibitions have been installed on every road that is included in the traffic order area. Please note that the traffic order area in Cirebon City is divided into 6 road sections, namely; Jl. Dr. Sudarsono, Jl. Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jl. Pemuda Raya, Jl. Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Jl. Siliwangi, and Jl. R.A. Kartini.

Privately, the Head of the BPK Secretariat Penabur stated that during his 37 years of teaching, the school had never experienced a problem of illegal parking in front of the school, except when parents picked up students. However, lately he has been surprised by the number of vehicles parked on the shoulder of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo's road, especially in front of the BPK Penabur school. This happened after the implementation of a new parking system in one of the shopping centers about a few months ago, which then resulted in parking activities considering that previously there were no parking activities at the location.

According to the Head of the Regional and Urban Planning Study Program, the cause of illegal parking activities is due to the lack of adequate parking space provided by service and service business owners. This causes visitors to be forced to park in places where they should not, such as on the shoulder of the road or areas where parking is prohibited.

Community, according to the Vice President of BEM KM UGJ, one of the main causes of illegal parking is inadequate infrastructure. The construction of buildings from several large agencies is often not balanced with adequate parking space capacity with the increase in the number of vehicles that come. For example, at the Gunung Jati Regional General Hospital, the number of patients comes from various cities, not accompanied by an increase in parking lot capacity so that the need for parking space increases. This is exacerbated by the condition of the road shoulder which should not be used for recreational activities but instead the shoulder of the road is filled with hospital visitors.

Mass Media, Determination of Traffic Order Areas does not run properly on Jl Dr Sudarsono. There are many different types of violations, ranging from parking on two sides, to the activities of illegal parking attendants. Monitoring from (Haryadi, 2019) by Radar Cirebon, on Jl Sudarsono has actually been installed a sign prohibiting illegal parking. But it is ignored by the community and illegal parking attendants. A similar scene can be seen on Jl Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo, One of the most highlighted is the illegal parking pocket in

front of one of the shopping centers (Rusmanta, 2024). The Cirebon City Transportation Office revealed that the mall manager's policy affects the behavior of visitors, which results in them choosing to park their vehicles outside the mall area. Previously, illegal parking only occurred on the shoulder of the road, but now it has expanded to fill the sidewalks. This situation has been going on for the past few months. One of the main reasons, according to the Transportation Agency, is because the requirement for parking inside the shopping center requires the use of e-money. Motorcyclists who do not have an e-money card finally choose to park their vehicles on the side of the road.

According to road users around the traffic orderly area, this parking activity that occurs on Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo street has been going on since the mall manager issued a policy on the use of e-money cards, and this policy has an impact on two-wheeled riders because, not all two-wheeled vehicles have e- money. A similar thing happened on the Dr. Sudarsono road section where many four-wheeled vehicles were parked on the shoulder of the road due to the lack of parking space provided by the hospital. The existence of this parking activity is very troubling to the community, both pedestrians and road users. In addition, the occurrence of this parking activity can even result in traffic congestion, especially during peak hours. They hope that the Transportation Office can pay more attention and carry out regular supervision so that parking activities can be resolved immediately.

Institutional design to address the problem of illegal parking in Cirebon needs to involve various stakeholders, including local governments and the private sector.

The government, UPT Parking as a government institution has an important role in formulating policies and implementing them. In terms of following up on a complaint about parking problems, the UPT Pakir always coordinates between related institutions (Satpol PP, Law Enforcement Officers and also the Private Sector). The Parking Unit has often conducted various socializations with illegal parking perpetrators, but what is still an obstacle for the Parking Unit is due to the lack of public awareness and the need for cooperation that must be strengthened so that the policy runs effectively

Privately, BPK Penabur said that, previously they had made an agreement with the manager of the shopping center that activities in the mall would not interfere with school activities, because in the regulation (Regional Government of Cirebon City, 2012) it is stated that there is a regulation that does not allow the existence of a mall next to the school. Then the government has given permission, but he stated that if something happens, the government will immediately contact the manager of the shopping center to follow up on the existing problems. From the results of in-depth interviews between researchers and informants, it can be concluded that the most dominant actors are the Government and the Private Sector, while from the results of the research, it was found that other actors such as Academics, Communities, Mass Media and the

Community do not have competence in explaining institutional designs related to illegal parking.

Facilitative leadership is needed to encourage collaboration between the government and the community in tackling illegal parking.

The government, the Parking Unit as a collaboration actor has conducted socialization and reprimands to illegal parking perpetrators, but it is often not well received by the community. Leadership that is able to build trust and good communication between the government and the community will be very influential in creating mutually beneficial solutions. Therefore, leaders need to facilitate open dialogue to understand the needs of the community and find a middle way.

In the private sector, the Head of the BPK Penabur foundation has held hearings with several agencies, both academic, government, and shopping centers. However, in the meeting, the shopping center who attended was only represented by security officers, and marketing officials. However, the collaboration process still cannot produce an effective output.

From the results of in-depth interviews between researchers and informants, it can be concluded that the most dominant actors are the Government and the Private Sector, while from the results of the research, it turns out that other actors such as Academics, Communities, Mass Media and the Community do not have the competence to explain facilitative leadership related to illegal parking.

The collaborative process should involve the active participation of all stakeholders in a decision-making regarding parking arrangements. Parking UPTs can leverage the Hexahelix approach involving six stakeholder elements to solve public issues, including illegal parking. This collaborative effort can create a mutual agreement on parking lot use and law enforcement against illegal parking.

The government, the Transportation Agency through the Parking Unit have tried to establish cooperation with various parties. One of the efforts made is to hold an audience with mall managers to find solutions to parking problems that have recently arisen in the area. However, until now, there have been no concrete results from the meeting. In addition, the Parking Unit has also sent a letter to the Gunung Jati Hospital to follow up on issues related to parking activities carried out by parking attendants along Jl Dr. Sudarsono, but the letter did not receive a response from the hospital.

Privately, BPK Penabur has conducted socialization and discussion regarding the problem of illegal parking that occurs, because BPK Penabur has rules related to this. However, lately there have been another violations. A few days earlier, the school received reports from the community about parking activities in front of the shoulder of the school road. The BPK Penabur security team has also reprimanded and discussed with related parties to handle this issue.

Academic, the Head of the regional and urban planning study program, as a representative of academics, recommended that the Parking Unit collaborate with various agencies, including the government, the private sector, academics, and the community, to overcome the problem of illegal parking that has recently disrupted traffic order. According to him, the government also needs to implement sanctions against illegal parking perpetrators and illegal parking attendants, so that it can provide a deterrent effect to those who violate.

Community, The problem of illegal parking that occurs in traffic orderly areas, especially on Jalan Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo and Jalan Dr. Sudarsono, requires serious attention through cooperation between government agencies, the private sector, academics, communities, and the community. This issue has attracted the attention of the public because of its great impact on the smooth flow of traffic on both roads. To solve this problem, solid collaboration is needed between various government agencies and other institutions, especially from the Transportation Office.

Mass Media, Radar Cirebon as Mass Media is a connector of information from the Transportation Department to the public, but the mass media is not directly involved in the collaboration process or decision-making process.

Community, Collaboration between various agencies has a crucial role in building synergy between the government and related institutions. This aims to overcome the problem of illegal parking that occurs on the shoulder of the road more effectively. In addition, the relevant agencies (the Transportation Agency through the Parking UPT) also need to take firm steps in providing sanctions to illegal parking perpetrators, so that it is expected to have a deterrent effect and prevent the recurrence of inappropriate parking activities.