Application of Decision Support System in Determining the Best Physics Learning Media Aids Using VIKOR, EDAS, and EXPROM II Methods

The development of effective physics learning media is a major challenge in supporting an innovative and result-oriented learning process. This research aims to implement a Decision Support System (DSS) in the selection of physics learning media aids by using the EDAS, VIKOR, and EXPROM II methods. The EDAS method is used to evaluate alternative learning media tools based on tiered preferences, while VIKOR provides an optimal solution by considering the best and worst values. In addition, EXPROM II provides an explicit assessment of complexity and risk in the context of physics learning media selection. The practical implications of these findings can help decision makers in the field of education to improve the quality of physics learning media used in the educational process

The development of effective physics learning media is a major challenge in supporting an innovative and result-oriented learning process.This research aims to implement a Decision Support System (DSS) in the selection of physics learning media aids by using the EDAS, VIKOR, and EXPROM II methods.The EDAS method is used to evaluate alternative learning media tools based on tiered preferences, while VIKOR provides an optimal solution by considering the best and worst values.In addition, EXPROM II provides an explicit assessment of complexity and risk in the context of physics learning media selection.The practical implications of these findings can help decision makers in the field of education to improve the quality of physics learning media used in the educational process

INTRODUCTION
In the era of increasingly advanced education, the use of learning media in physics learning is very important.Effective learning media can help improve students' understanding of complex physics concepts.However, the main problem that often arises is identifying the best physics learning media tools to meet student needs.In this case, a Decision Support System (DSS) is needed that can provide objective guidance in the selection of the most appropriate physics learning media tools.
A key issue in determining the best physics learning media tool is the subjectivity of decision-making.Decisions are often based on qualitative assessments that rely heavily on personal experience and preferences.Therefore, a method is needed that can provide an objective basis in selecting the most suitable physics learning media tools.In this research, the methods chosen are VIKOR (VIšekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje), EDAS (Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution) and EXPROM II (Extended Promethee II).
Therefore, this research is expected to make a major contribution in improving the quality of physics learning by providing an objective basis in the selection of effective learning media aids.This allows educators to make the right decision in choosing learning media that suits the needs of students, which ultimately increases students' understanding and interest in physics education.

LITERATURE REVIEW
In determining the best physics learning media tools to facilitate students in choosing the best physics learning media tools so that the learning process can be more effective.In order to determine the right choice the author applies the VIKOR (VIšekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje), EDAS (Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution) and EXPROM II (Extended Promethee II) methods to obtain rankings so as to produce precise and accurate assessments.There are 6 alternative data of physics learning media aids shown in table 1.In determining physics learning media aids, criteria that support decision making are also needed.There are 6 criteria including can be seen in table 2. The following table 3 is an alternative table of several applications that will be selected as alternatives to the best physics learning media aids.In criterion 2, there are several features of the application offered, this feature is linguistic data so it must be weighted simply.The weighting model can be seen in table 4.
Where  1 is the i-th alternative,  = 1,2, … ,  is the j-th criterion and   is the element of the matrix that shows the performance of the i-th alternative.b.Calculate positive and negative values as ideal solutions, with the formula.(9)  * = min( 1 ,  2 ,  3 … ,  55 ) f. Calculate the VIKOR index (Q), with the following formula: where v is the maximum weight of group utility which is usually set to 0.5.g.Ranking alternatives from VIKOR Value.
The VIKOR index value obtained in the ranking step to determine the best alternative choice is determined on the small VIKOR value that indicates better quality.h.Perform a compromise solution with two solutions with the difference between the first and second VIKOR index or Acceptable advantage condition.

EDAS Method (Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution)
The EDAS (Evaluation Distance to Average Solution) method is one of the methods developed to support the SPK process.The characteristic of this method is that it uses a calculation function to analyze and solve problems by analyzing positive and negative ideal distances and averaging them to get the final result, achieving accurate and precise final results.
i (1) With   representing the performance value of the i-th alternative on the j-th criterion.j.Make provisions regarding the average value for all criteria.
k. Finding the average value of positive and negative distances according to the type of criteria.if the criterion type is benefit, the formula used is as follows: If the criterion type is cost, the formula used is as follows: For benefit criteria: For cost criteria: (2) where: The Preference Function Equation   (,  ′ ) is given below: = alternative that will be paired.d.Calculating Weak Preference (WP) Value.
Calculating the Weak Preference Index and considering criteria with different weights for each criterion the equation is as follows: ] ∑    =1 (5) Where: WP = Weak Preference.n = number of criteria.  = weight of criterion j. e. Calculating the Value of   (,  ′ ).
(,  ′ ) = Min [1, WP(,  ′ ) + (,  ′ )] (8) h.Calculate the Entering flow and Leaving flow using the equation: For the outgoing (positive) direction in alternative i: For the incoming (negative) direction in alternative i: Where:  = alternative. ′ = paired alternative.m = number of alternatives.n = number of criteria.Outflow means how many alternatives dominate other alternatives, while outflow is how many alternatives are dominated by other alternatives.i. Calculating Net Flow.
From the calculation of ranking φ(i) for other alternatives: Ranking alternatives based on the highest φ(i).The ranking of all considered alternatives depends on the values of φ(i).The higher the value of φ(i), the better the alternative.Thus, the best alternative is the one with the highest φ(i) value.
 Perform a compromise solution of two solutions, with the following calculations: The first solution compares the DQ value with the difference between the first VIKOR index and the second or Acceptable advantage condition. = 1 (−1) = 1 (36−1) = −0,9714 ( (2) ) − ( (1) ) = 1,995 − 3,5928 = −1,5978 The resulting difference value of -1.5978 is smaller than the DQ value = -0.9714so that the acceptable advantage is met.In calculating the average value of negative distance for the next alternative, it is the same as the steps to calculate the average negative distance of F2.Based on the above calculations, the results of the NDA value data can be seen in table 9.In calculating the positive distance assessment for the next alternative, it is the same as the steps to calculate the F1 positive distance assessment.Based on the above calculations, the results of the SP value data can be seen in table 10.SN 12 = −0,0909 × 3,5 = −0,31815 SN 13 = −0,9999 × 1,5 = −1,49985 SN 14 = −0,9999 × 1 = −0,9999 SN 15 = −0,9999 × 1 = −0,9999 SN 16 = −0,9986 × 1 = −0,9986 In calculating the negative distance assessment for the next alternative, it is the same as the steps to calculate the F1 negative distance assessment.Based on the above calculations, the results of the SN value data can be seen in table 11.From the calculations that have been carried out above with the application of the EDAS method, a ranking can be generated which can be seen in the table 12. Calculations that have been carried out from 6 alternatives produce the best alternative which can be seen in the table, namely alternative F4 with the application name PhyWiz with a value of 0.39985 as the highest score.

F6
Complete Physics Formula & Materials -0,635 5 Calculations that have been carried out from 6 alternatives produce the best alternative which can be seen in the table, namely alternative F4 with the application name PhyWiz with a value of 0.962 as the highest score.

DISCUSSION
After calculating the three methods to determine the best physics learning media tools, the calculations carried out based on the six alternatives resulted in various optimal alternatives, which can be seen in the VIKOR (VIšekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje) Method is alternative F2 with the application name Physics Formula with a value of 1.7336, EDAS (Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution) Method is alternative F4 with the application name PhyWiz with a value of 0.39985, and EXPROM II (Extended Promethee II) Method is alternative F4 with the application name PhyWiz with a value of 0.962.So that the three methods have the highest score respectively.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion
The application of decision support system with EDAS, VIKOR, and EXPROM II methods can help decision makers in choosing the most suitable physics learning media aids.This research contributes to the development of more sophisticated evaluation methods and provides a foundation for further research in the field of education.

Recommendations
The VIKOR method is used to determine the best solution that achieves the optimal compromise between alternatives and criteria.Furthermore, the EDAS Method is used to rank the alternatives based on their distance from the average solution.Finally, the EXPROM II Method contributes in handling relative preferences and identifying higher preferences.

FURTHER STUDY
This research is limited to EDAS, VIKOR, and EXPROM II methods only; there are other methods that can be explored to increase the diversity and comprehensiveness of the research.In addition, the selection of variables taken into account in this study may not cover the entire spectrum of factors that can influence the selection of physics learning media aids.It is recommended to expand the scope of variables taken into account in the selection of physics learning media aids.
Journal of Integrative Sciences (IJIS)Vol.2,No.12, 2023: 2033 Calculating normalization weights.Before calculating the normalization weight, first find the weight of the criteria and measure the consistency of each criterion.Finding the weight of the criteria.

Table 1 .
Alternative Data for Physics Learning Media Aids

Table 2 .
Criteria Data

Table 3 .
Alternative Physics Learning Media Aids

Table 4 .
Weighting of Application Feature Criteria

Table 5 .
Suitability Rating Data VIšekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje) is one of the methods used in Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM).The ranking considers the closest solution or alternative as an approximate ideal solution.The VIKOR method is a MADM method with complex linear normalization calculations that can guarantee against existing alternatives/solutions.The processing steps of the VIKOR method are as follows:a.Perform the Decision matrix of alternatives with size  × ,with the following formula: normalization to produce a new decision matrix with size  × , with the formula.

EXPROM II (Extended Promethee II) Method Extended
Promethee II (EXPROM II) is an extension or expansion of the modified version of the Promethee II method, or similar to Promethee II.Pairwise alternative comparison takes into account the deviation of each criterion used in the Extended Promethee II (EXPROM II) method.Practically speaking, ideal and anti-ideal alternatives represent only the extreme performance limits determined by the boundary conditions of the problem under consideration.The steps of Extended Promethee II (EXPROM II) are as follows: a. Creating a Decision Matrix.The Decision Matrix is a matrix consisting of alternative values i for each criterion j. b.Normalize the Decision Matrix.
calculations using the VIKOR (VIšekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje), EDAS (Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution) and EXPROM II (Extended Promethee II) methods obtained rankings and produced precise and accurate evaluations.This manual calculation process is explained in more detail below.Calculate positive and negative values as the ideal solution of each criterion.The positive ideal solution is the minimum value of each criterion of all alternatives.While the negative ideal value is the maximum value of each criterion of all alternatives.

Table 7 .
PDA Value Data

steps to calculate the average positive distance of F2.
In calculating the average value of positive distance for the next alternative, it is the same as the Based on the above calculations, the results of the PDA value data can be seen in table 8.

Table 9 .
NDA Value Data

Table 10 .
SP Value Data

Table 11 .
SN Value Data

Table 12 .
Score Calculation Data

Table 13 .
Preference Value

Table 16 .
Suitability Rating Data