Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector Diagnosing the Challenges
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55927/ijis.v3i3.7728Keywords:
Corruption, Pharmaceutical Zone, Demanding SituationsAbstract
Corruption inside the pharmaceutical industry is a pervasive and complicated problem that poses giant challenges to healthcare structures, public welfare, and ethical requirements. This abstract delves into the prognosis of the challenges posed by corruption in the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmaceutical sector performs a vital function in promoting international fitness by growing, generating, and distributing life-saving medicines. However, the arena is plagued by various kinds of corruption, such as bribery, fraud, kickbacks, and undue influence on regulatory procedures. This corruption leads to distorted priorities, compromised drug satisfaction, decreased access to important drug treatments, and expanded healthcare costs. One challenge is the complex web of relationships among pharmaceutical corporations, healthcare professionals, and regulatory governments. These relationships, while regularly critical for understanding trade and innovation, may be exploited for corrupt practices that prioritize income over patient well-being. Furthermore, inadequate regulation and susceptible enforcement mechanisms create an environment where corrupt activities can flourish
Downloads
References
Available online: http://www.transparency.org.united kingdom/healthcare-businesses-claim-2d-place-on the-modern-CPA-investigation-listing/ [Accessed 4/4/16].
According to the International Bank, Corruption is “Public Enemy Number One” in developing countries, says the institution President Kim (2013). to be had online: http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/presslaunch/2013/12/19/corruption developing-international locations-world-bank-group-president-quim [Accessed 17/9/15].
Agency for Monetary Cooperation and Development, Fitness at a Look 2011: OECD signs. Company for financial Cooperation and improvement Publishing (2011), p. 154.
All Trials, EMA eliminated a few restrictions from its statistics-sharing policy (2014). available online: http://www.all trials.net/information/ema-gets rid of-some-regulations-from-its-records-sharing-coverage/ [Accessed 20/4/16].
Brhlikova et al., 2015, p. 2.
Brhlikova, P., et al., ‘Useful resource conditionalities, international correct production practice standards and nearby
Bigdeli, M., et al. Medicines in fitness structures: Advancing access, affordability, and suitable use World Health Organization (2014), p. 11.
Brinkerhoff, D.W., Accountability, and fitness structures: Toward conceptual clarity and policy relevance. Health coverage and making plans, 19 (2004), p. 372.
Brhlikova et al., 2015, p.three. Ibid., p. 6.
Brhlikova, P., et al., ‘Excellent production practice within the pharmaceutical enterprise’. operating paper 3, University of Edinburgh (2007), p. 20.
Brinkerhoff, 2004, p.372. 156 Ibid, p 372. Waning & Vian, 2008, p.2.
Cohen et al., 2007, p. 48;
Cohen et al., 2007, p.36. Ibid., p. 37. Cohen et al., 2007, p. 38.
Chene, M., ‘Processes to corruption in drug management’. U4 expert answer, (2009), p4.
Carlson, R.V., et al., ‘The revision of the assertion of Helsinki: past, present, and future’. British Journal of Scientific Pharmacology, 57, 6 (2004), p. 695; Lemmens & Gibson, 2014, p. 977.
Cohen, J.C., & Montoya, J.C., Using technology to fight corruption in pharmaceutical shopping: lessons learned from the Chilean experience. International Financial Institution Institute (2001), p. 3. Cohen & Montoya, 2001, p. 5.
Cohen, J.C., ‘Prescription drugs and corruption: a threat assessment’, in Kotalik, J., & Rodriquez, D. (eds.),
Cohen et al., 2007, p.31. Gurciullo, B. The pharmaceutical industry, under scrutiny for prices, has a history of big political wins (2015).Available online: https://www.open secrets.org/news/2015/10/pharmaceutical-industry-under-scrutiny-for prices-has-history-of-big-political-wins/ [Accessed 18/05/16]. Rose, S.L., ‘Patient advocacy organizations: institutional conflicts of interest, trust, and trustworthiness.’ The Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics, 41, 3 (2013), p. 681
Corruption Document 2006. Transparency International (2006), p. xii. European Commission, Corruption in the Healthcare Region (2013), p. 29.
Class action suits and shareholder derivative litigation are not considered in these fines Gagnon, 2013, p. 575
Cohen et al., ‘Corruption and pharmaceuticals: strengthening appropriate governance to improve access, in Edgardo Campos J. and Pradhan S. (eds.), The Numerous Faces of Corruption: Tackling Vulnerabilities at the Area Degree. international financial institution (2007), p.33.
Dyer, C.: Doctors must not accept inducements for referrals, the GMC says. The BMJ (2015)
Disch, A., et al., ‘Anti-corruption processes: a literature evaluation. Norwegian organization for the improvement Cooperation (2009), p. 19; Persson, A., et al., ‘Why anti corruption reforms fail: systemic corruption as a collective action trouble’. Governance: An international journal of coverage, administration, and institutions, 26, 3 (2013), p. 453.
European Commission, 2013, p. 131.
European Commission, 2013, p. 46. Moran, N., Transparency Measures Forced on Pharma (2014) to be had online: http://www.rsc.org/chemistry world/2014/09/pharma-fines-openness [Accessed 25/04/16]. 94 Ross, T., and Jeremy Hunt: NHS bosses face jail over links to drug companies (2015) to be had online: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/11818749/Jeremy-Hunt-NHS-bosses-face-prison-over-links-to-drugcorporations.html [Accessed 18/5/16].
Elliott, C., & Landa, A.S., ‘Statement: What's incorrect with ghostwriting?’ Bioethics, 24, 6 (2010), p. 285. Lemmens & Gibson, 2014, p. 976.
European Commission, 2013, p. 67.
EU Commission (2013), p. 102.World Health Organization, 2009, p. 22; Kohler & Ovtcharenko, 2013, p. 3, 8, 19.
Ferrinho, P., & Van Lerberghe, W., Dealing with health professionals inside the context of constrained resources: a high-quality line between corruption and the want for moonlighting (2002), p.5.
Fischer, C., ‘Corruption in healthcare: a trouble in Germany, too’. Indian Magazine of Scientific Ethics, 11, 2 (2014), p.112; Gull and, A., ‘Top drug organizations are making capsules more accessible however are also guilty of corruption, record says’, The BMJ, 349 (2014), p.1.
Gagnon, M.A., ‘The crushing cost of capsules: a new estimate of pharmaceutical merchandising expenditure in the USA.' PLOS medicinal drug, 5, 1 (2008), p.31. Fischer, 2014, p. 115.
Gagnon, 2013, pp. 571–572.
Gagnon, 2013, p. 574 ecu fee, 2013, p. 121. Fischer, 2014, p. 115.
Global Health Corporation, Financing of Program Budget2016–2017 (2016a), p.2
global bank, Corruption combat Aided by Era (2014), to be had online: http://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/corruption-combat-aided-era [Accessed 8/12/14]. 150 Ministerio de Salud Peru, Observatiro de Productos Farmaceuticos: Sistema Nacional de Informacion de Precios. to be had online: http://observatorio.digemid.minsa.gob.pe [Accessed 18/5/15].
Gagnon, M.A., ‘Corruption of pharmaceutical markets: addressing the misalignment of economic incentives and public health, Journal of Regulation, Medication, and Ethics, 41, 3 (2013), p. 572; EU Fee, 2013, p. 802.
Global Fitness Company, 2009, p. 28.
Gtzsche, P., et al., ‘Ghost Authorship in Enterprise-Initiated Randomized Trials’. PLoS medicinal drug, 4, 1 (2007), p.49.
Hussman, 2010, p. 7.
Hand field, R., Biopharmaceuticals deliver chains: distribution, regulatory, systems, and structural adjustments beforehand. CRC Press (2012), p.179.
Hussman, k., The Way to observe: addressing corruption in the fitness Zone. Department for Worldwide Development (2010), p.1.
Ibid., p. 24.
Ibid., p. 1162.
Ibid., p. 1162.
Ibid., pp. 2–3.
Ibid., p. 3.
Ibid, p. 2.
Ibid, p. 8.
Ibid.,p. 26.
Ibid. Ibid.,p.68.
Ibid,p.97.
Ibid, p.59. 127 Rauch, J.E., & Evans, P.B., ‘Bureaucratic shape and bureaucratic performance in much less advanced countries. journal of Public Economics, 75- 1 (2000), p.68
Ibid. 146 'Overseeing global health,' D. Sridhar and C. Clinton, Finance & Development, 51, 4 (2014), p.27. 147 international fitness employers, WHO Financing Talk 2015: meeting File, a global fitness company (2015).
International Corruption Report 2006 (Transparency Global, 2006), p.88
International Fitness Business Enterprise, 2009, p. 87.
IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics, Worldwide Outlook for medicines via 2018 (2014), p. 1. 10 World Health Organization, 2010, p.63
Jiao, W., Drug Evaluation to Rid the Quarter of Corruption (2007) available online: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2007-02/09/content_805232.htm [Accessed 1/5/16]. Global Health Agency,
Kohler, J.C., & Ovtcharenko, N., Exact Governance for Drug Treatment Projects: ExploringLessonsLearned.U4issue,3(2013),p.4.
Kohler & Ovtcharenko, 2013, p. 3. international fitness businesses, Measuring transparency inside the public pharmaceutical quarter: evaluation device (2009), p. 25. United Nations Improvement Programme, 2011, p. 27. Hussman, 2010, p. 34.
Lemmens & Gibson, 2014, p.970. Miller, J.E., ‘From awful pharma to correct pharma: aligning market forces with precise and honest practices through accreditation, certification, and rating’. The Journal of Regulation, Remedy and Ethics, 41, 3 (2013), p.602.
Lexchin, J., ‘The ones who have the gold make the proof: how the pharmaceutical industry biases the results of clinical trials of medicinal drugs, Science and Engineering Ethics, 18, 2 (2012), p. 247. 18 Mild, D.W., et al., ‘Institutional corruption of prescription drugs and the parable of safe and powerful tablets’. Magazine of Law, Medication and Ethics, 14, 3 (2013), p. 592;
Lexchin, 2012, p. 248. Brown, A.B., ‘Knowledge of Pharmaceutical Studies Manipulation Inside the context of accounting manipulation’. Journal of Law, Medicinal Drug, and Ethics, 41, 3 (2013), p. 611. Lexchin, 2012, p. 247.
Lemmens, T., & Gibson, S., ‘Decreasing the information deficit: enhancing submit-market surveillance in pharmaceutical regulation’. McGill Regulation Journal, 59- 4 (2014), p.952. Rodwin, 2013, p.583.
Lundh, A., et al., ‘Industry sponsorship and studies outcome’. Cochrane Database Systematic critiques, 12, 12 (2012), p.2.
Lieb, K., & Brandtönies, S., ‘A survey of German physicians in private practice approximately contacts with pharmaceutical sales representatives. Dtsch Arztebl Int, 22 (2010), p.392. Ibid. Fischer, 2014, p.113. Brown, 2013, p.613. Fischer, 2014, p. 113
Lewis, M., ‘Governance and corruption in public health care systems.’ Center for International Improvement, 78 (2006), p. 21.
Management Sciences for Health, MDS-3: managing access to medicines and health technologies(2012), p.6.18.
Manufacturing rights: a case study of local production in Nepal Globalization and health, eleven, 25 (2015), p. 2.
Mackey, T.ok., et al., ‘Counterfeit drug penetration into international legitimate medicinal drug deliver chains: a global assessment.’ The Yank Magazine of Tropical Medication and Hygiene, 92, 6 (2015), p.59.
Morita, S., & Zaelke, D. The rule of thumb of law is suitable Governance and Sustainable improvement. Submission to the 7th Global Convention on Environmental Compliance and Enforcement (2005).
Michaud, J., Kates, J., & Oum, S., Corruption and global health: a summary of a coverage round table (2015).to be had online: http://kff.org/international-fitness-policy/trouble-short/corruption-and-worldwide-fitness-precis-of-apolicy-roundtable/ [Accessed 9/9/15]. 3 United Nations Development Programme, fighting corruption within the Health Quarter: Strategies, Equipment, and exact practices (2011), p.12; Nussbaum, D. ‘Preface’, in Kotalik, J., & Rodriquez, D., (eds.), Global World Health Organization, The World Fitness Report (2010), p. 61.
New England Magazine of Medicine, 358 (2008), p. 252. Lexchin, 2012, p. 254.
New Scientist, the simplest full disclosure of drug trial consequences, will agree with (2015). to be had online:https://www.new scientist.com/article/mg22730393-2 hundred-handiest-complete-disclosure-of-drug-trial-consequences-willkeep-agree with/ [Accessed 19/4/16].
Newton, P.N., et al., ‘Counterfeit anti-infective capsules’. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 6, no. 9 (2006), p. 607. International Fitness Company, 2016b. Cohen et al., 2007, pp.36-37.
Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Authorities: Fiscal Year 2017 (2016), p. 66.
Olson, R., Design critique: setting big pharmacy spending in attitude (2015), available online:http://www.randalolson.com/2015/03/01/layout-critique-setting big-pharma-spending-in-perspective/[Accessed 25/04/15].
Prasad, A., & Shivarajan, S., ‘Information the function of era in reducing corruption: a transaction cost approach. Journal of Public Affairs, 15, 1 (2015), p. 19. Hussman, 2010, p. 26.
Pansieri, C., et al., ‘The evolution in registration of medical trials: a chronicle of the ancient calls and current projects promoting transparency’. European Magazine of Scientific Pharmacology, 71, 10 (2015), p.1161.
Pansieri et al., 2015, p. 1161.
Pansieri et al., 2015, p. 1162.
Petkov, M., Healthcare companies declare 2D vicinity on the contemporary FCPA research list (2016).
Rodwin, 2013, p. 585
Rodwin, 2013, p.584.
Rodwin, M., ‘Do we need stronger sanctions to ensure legal compliance by pharmaceutical firms?’ Food and Drug Law Journal, 70 (2015), p.437. Ibid, p.444.
Rodwin, M., ‘5 uneasy pieces to pharmaceutical coverage reform, magazine of law, remedy, and ethics, 41, 3 (2013), p.582.
Spurling, G. is Okay., et al., ‘Facts from pharmaceutical groups and the best, amount, and fee of physicians’ prescribing: a systematic evaluation’. PLoS Remedy, 7, 10, p1
Sasich, L.D., et al., The drug enterprise’s performance in completing put up-advertising and marketing studies (section IV) research (2000). to be had online: http://www.citizen.org/hrg1520 [Accessed 25/4/16]
Stern & Lemmens, 2011, pp. 3–4.
Savedoff, W.D., & Hussmann, K., ‘Why are fitness systems at risk of corruption?’, in Kotalik, J., & Rodriquez, D. (ed.), Global Corruption File 2006. Transparency International (2006), p. 14.
Substandard, spurious, falsely Labeled, falsified, and counterfeit (SSFFC)medical merchandise (2016b). Available online: http://www.who.int/media center/fact sheets/fs275/en/[Accessed 4/4/16].
Savedoff, W., Anti-corruption techniques in overseas resources: from controls to results. center for international development, coverage Paper 76 (2016), p. 12.
Smith, R.: Statutory law is needed to reveal and prevent medical fraud. The BMJ (2016).
Transparency Worldwide UK, Anti-corruption summit commitments on procurement can be key for the fitness quarter (2016). to be had on-line: http://www.transparency.org.united kingdom/press-releases/anti-corruption summit-commitments-on-procurement-will-be-key-for-the-fitness-sector/[Accessed 16/5/16].
Transparency Worldwide, Integrity Pacts. to be had online: https://www.transparency.org/whatwedo/gear/integrity_pacts/three/ [Accessed 4/4/16].
The Telegraph, India terminates the AgustaWestland helicopter deal (2014). available online: http://www.telegraph.co.united kingdom/finance/newsbysector/industry/defense/10545808/India
Terminates Westmoreland- helicopter-deal.html [Accessed 4/4/16] World l Health Corporation, 2009, p.97.
Toebes, B., ‘Human rights and fitness zone corruption’, in Harrington, J., & Stuttaford, M. (eds.), global health and Human rights Routledge (2010), p.
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) charges Johnson & Johnson with foreign bribery (2011). to be had online:https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2011/2011-87.htm [Accessed 25/04/16 Access to Medication Index, Public Policy, and Marketplace Impact to be had online:http://w ww.accesstomedicineindex.org/public-coverage market-have an effect on [Accessed 25/04/16].
Transparency international, ‘government precis’, in Kotalik, J., & Rodriquez, D.
(eds.), International Corruption Document 2006 (Transparency International, 2006), p.xx
The United Nations, Secretary-General Trendy warns that corruption poses a risk to development, democracy, and stability. and urges sturdy steps towards it by using governments and enterprise leaders in a message on the day (2010). Available on line: http://www.un.org/press/en/2010/sgsm13292.document.htm [Accessed 18/9/16].
Turner, E.H., et al., ‘Selective book of antidepressant trials and its influence on obvious efficacy’.
United Countries Improvement Programme, 2011, p.34. Hussman, 2010, p.10.
United International Locations Improvement Programme, 2011, p. 30. Cohen, 2006, p.81
United Nations Development Programme, 2011, p.25. Ibid, p.36.
United Nations Development Programme, 2011, p. 34. ECU Commission, 2013, pp. 36–37.
United Nations Improvement Programme, 2011, pp. 32–33.
United Nations Improvement Programme: Strengthening the guideline of regulation in disaster-affected and fragile Situations: Worldwide Programme Annual Report 2014
United international locations improvement Programme (2014); world financial institution, Reforming public institutions and strengthening governance, Global Financial Institution (2000)
United Nations international locations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, What is ideal Governance? (2009).
United International Locations Development Programme, 2011,p. 30. World Health Organization, 2009, pp. 25–28.
United United Nations Development Programme, 2011, p. 29.
World Fitness Business Enterprise, fact sheet on health technology: decided on consequences from the baseline USA survey on medical gadgets 2010-EU area(2011),p.2.
World Health Enterprise, 2009, p89; Vian, 2008, p.86.
Waning, B., & Vian, T., ‘Transparency and duty in an electronic generation: the case of pharmaceutical procurement's. U4 quick, 10 (2008), pp.2-3.
Wilmshurst, P., Dishonesty in Clinical Studies. Medico-criminal Society. Available Onlinehttp://www.mediclegalsociety.org.uk/articles/dishonesty_in_medical_researh.pdf [Accessed 22/4/16].
Vian, T., ‘Review of corruption inside the fitness quarter: concept, strategies, And interventions. Health policy and planning, 23, 2 (2008), p.84. United International Locations Improvement Programme, 2011, p.27; Vian, 2008, p.88-85.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Rehan Haider, Asghar Mehdi, Anjum Zehra, Geetha Kumari Das, Zameer Ahmed
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
