Article Review the Potential of Banana Stems as a Source of Prebiotic

A Prebiotic is a food that cannot be digested by the human body but provides health benefits by increasing the growth or activity of good bacteria in the large intestine.  Prebiotics are indigestible foodstuffs that selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of beneficial bacteria in the colon, improving health and well-being.  Prebiotics can be found in high-fibre foods such as whole grains, bananas, leafy greens, onions, garlic, and soybeans.  Bananas are one potential source of prebiotics because they contain dietary fibre compounds that can stimulate the growth of good bacteria in the large intestine. Banana stems contain dietary fibre compounds that can stimulate the growth of good bacteria in the large intestine, so it has the potential as a source of prebiotics.  Prebiotic flour can be prepared from banana stems by identifying the genotype of amylolytic bacteria

A Prebiotic is a food that cannot be digested by the human body but provides health benefits by increasing the growth or activity of good bacteria in the large intestine. Prebiotics are indigestible foodstuffs that selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of beneficial bacteria in the colon, improving health and well-being. Prebiotics can be found in high-fibre foods such as whole grains, bananas, leafy greens, onions, garlic, and soybeans. Bananas are one potential source of prebiotics because they contain dietary fibre compounds that can stimulate the growth of good bacteria in the large intestine. Banana stems contain dietary fibre compounds that can stimulate the growth of good bacteria in the large intestine, so it has the potential as a source of prebiotics. Prebiotic flour can be prepared from banana stems by identifying the genotype of amylolytic bacteria

INTRODUCTION
For people outside Bali, they may not know that ares trunks or young banana trees can be processed as ares vegetables. "Jukut ares" is a favorite food of the Balinese people that is cooked when there is a "hajatan" or big ceremony involving many community members. So it is cooked with large portions, with complete spices (basa genep) and a lot of soup, in order to meet the needs of many people. To make it more delicious, jukut ares is usually mixed with pork balung (bone) as a broth enhancer. It can also be replaced with chicken bone or duck bone or also beef bone so that jukut ares tastes more savory (Lumanauw and Makapagal, 2019) Banana is a plant that has many benefits, one of which is useful as a traditional medicine by using its stems. Ambon Banana Stems are used as the use of natural materials to reduce the use of synthetic drugs. The stem has active compounds namely flavonoids and tannins that play a role in preventing indomethacin side effects. Banana stem flavonoids can function as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory. Flavonoids work by slowing down the inflammatory process through an inhibitory effect on arachidonic acid metabolic pathways and prostaglandin formation. While tannins play a role in stopping bleeding (Arifin 2006).
Prebiotics are foods that cannot be digested in the small intestine and when they reach the large intestine will be fermented by colonic bacteria into short chain fatty acids (Short Chain Fatty Acid / SCFA) such as acetate, lactate, butyrate, propionate, and also gases (such as CO2, methane, and hydrogen). These short-chain fatty acids will be absorbed and metabolized by the body (Ngatireh, 2009). Prebiotics are generally in the form of dietary fiber ingredients (Wang, 2009). In addition, the most potent prebiotics also consist of carbohydrates. Food ingredients that are prebiotics can be in the form of vegetables, tubers, and fruits (Hardisari and Amaliowati, 2016). Some previous studies on prebiotic sources or products have used a lot of dietary fiber and high carbohydrate ingredients. One of them from fruits is banana flour which in previous studies was proven to have benefits for the growth of probiotics Lactobacillus casei. There are also other studies on the use of prebiotics of Rumbia fruit extract (Metroxylon sago Rottb) whose results show the influence of prebiotic sources on ration consumption, final weight gain, and other positive effects on broilers (Daud et al., 2009).
Prebiotics are foods that cannot be digested by the human body, but provide health benefits by increasing the growth or activity of good bacteria within the colon. Prebiotics are foods that cannot be digested by the human body, but provide health benefits by increasing the growth or activity of good bacteria in the large intestine. Prebiotics are indigestible foodstuffs that selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of beneficial bacteria in the colon, leading to improved health and well-being. Prebiotics can be found in high-fiber foods such as whole grains, bananas, leafy greens, onions, garlic, and soybeans. Bananas are one potential source of prebiotics because they contain dietary fiber compounds that can stimulate the growth of good bacteria in the large intestine (Antarini 2011) Several studies have researched Banana stem flour as a source of prebiotics. The genotype of indigenous amylolytic bacteria from bananas was identified to be formulated as a starter in the manufacture of prebiotic flour. Several studies have examined the potential of banana stem flour as a source of prebiotics and its benefits for human health.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Future prebiotic research will concentrate on combination products and new brain health, immunity, and metabolism studies. Although the health benefits of currently available prebiotics have not been conclusively proven, side effects are rare, and most healthy adults can safely add prebiotic-containing foods to their diet. benefits of these indigestible foodstuffs. Prebiotics are indigestible foodstuffs that selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of beneficial bacteria in the colon, improving health and well-being. Prebiotics can decrease the population of harmful bacteria by Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. Prebiotics are found in high-fiber foods such as whole grains, bananas, leafy greens, onions, garlic, and soybeans. Prebiotics can also be added to some foods and are available as dietary supplements. Research on prebiotics is ongoing, and studies have shown that prebiotics can improve bioavailability and mineral absorption, reduce the risk of obesity by increasing satiety and weight loss, and improve parameters related to heart health (Haryo et al. 2021) Future prebiotic research will focus on combination products and new studies on brain health, immunity, and metabolism. Although the health benefits of currently available prebiotics have not been conclusively proven, side effects are rare, and most healthy adults can safely add prebiotic-containing foods to their diet. More research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits of prebiotics and their mechanisms of action (Anggraeni, 2012) Journal research on banana stems as a food source has shown promising results. Here are some of the key findings from recent studies. A study on Tongka Langit banana flour found that it has a high nutritional content, including 331.03 calories, 4.66% protein, and carbohydrates. Bananas are a good source of prebiotics, which are nutrients that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Research on prebiotics is ongoing, and studies have shown that prebiotics can improve bioavailability and mineral absorption, reduce the risk of obesity by increasing satiety and weight loss, as well as improve parameters related to heart health. Journal research on prebiotics is a broad field, and there is a wealth of research and articles available on the topic (Saputra et al. 2019)

METHODOLOGY
The method used in the preparation of this article review is the literature study method. The literature used is scientific articles that have been published in national and international IMIAH journals in the last 10 years. Search for online-based scientific articles on portals such as Google Scholar (GS), Neliti, Research Gate, Pubmed, Science Direct, and so on with keywords banana stems, products from banana stems

RESULTS AND DISSCUSION
Based on journal reviews, it was obtained that banana stems contain nutrients necessary for health. Giving banana stem extract is also able to prevent various diseases, such as gastric disease, diabetes, can lower cholesterol and prevent high blood pressure (Kurnijasanti and Putri 2017). The use of banana ares as sweets is also expected to reduce organic waste waste, especially banana stems and improve community welfare (Margianti 2020).
Based on phytochemical screening and Antioxidant Activity Test of Stem Frond and Banana Flower (Musa acuminatae, L.) IC50 obtained for ethanol extract of stem frond is 191.75 μg/ml and banana flower kepok is 13.21 μg/ml. The results of phytochemical screening showed that extracts of the stem sheath and flowers of banana kepok contain flavonoids, saponins and polyphenols (Nurhaeni 2019 (Lumba et al. 2017) Banana tree tree stem extract contains tannins, saponins, and flavonoids, each of which has a role in the wound healing process (Ananta 2020). At concentrations of 50%-100%, with a zone diameter of 6.71-9.45 mm, Kepok banana stem extract can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus pyogene bacteria. (Marhamah and Putri 2018). Ethanol extract of banana kluthuk frond has an average resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria of 8.81 mm, 10.81 mm, 12.03 mm, 15.78 mm and in Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria of 8.72 mm, 10.78 mm, 12.2 mm, 15.68 mm (Primadiamanti et al. 2022). Ethanol extract of banana plant stems is better in inhibiting the growth of Staphlyococcus aureus bacteria with average apparent zone concentrations of 10% (10.00 mm), 30% (17.00 mm), 50% (19.00 mm), 70% (19.33 mm), and 90% (20.33 mm) (Adilang et al. 2019) .
Sago, palm starch, young banana fronds, taro / banana stems, lemongrass, cinnamon, bamboo shoots can be a source of prebiotic (Stephanie 2021). The greatest growth was observed in treatment C (30 ml/kg), with weight growth of 6.26 grams, specific weight growth of 4.91 %, and absolute length growth of 3.44 cm. Treatment B (20 ml/kg) yielded the most incredible survival rate, 76.6% (Akbarurrasyid et al. 2021). Adding prebiotics to banana stems can increase the growth and survival of milkfish (Seran et al. 2020). Modifying spontaneous fermentation and cooling heating can affect the physicochemical properties of the resulting "mulu bebe" banana flour. To improve the prebiotic properties of banana flour can be done by increasing resistant starch (Lumba, et al. 2017)

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Banana stems contain dietary fiber compounds that can stimulate the growth of good bacteria in the large intestine, so it has the potential as a source of prebiotics. Prebiotic flour can be prepared from banana stems by identifying the genotype of banana indigenus amylolytic bacteria to be formulated as a starter in manufacturing prebiotic banana stems. Consumption of banana stems as a source of prebiotics can provide benefits for human health, such as improving intestinal and digestive health. Optimizing the use of banana stems as a source of prebiotics in functional food products, such as drinks that incorporate probiotics and prebiotics, is possible.

FURTHER STUDY
The ability of banana stem biocapsules to encapsulate carrageenan and chitosan will be investigated further.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology for funding this research, Rector of Warmadewa University, Head of Warmadewa University Research Institute, Dean of Agriculture Faculty, Lecturers in Food Science and Technology Department and Agricultural Analysis Laboratory Warmadewa University which has facilitated the administration of this research, as well as to team members.