Analysis of the Public Policy Formulation Process in Educational Institutions (Formulation, Agenda Arrangement and Ratification)

This study aims to explain the policy formulation process as it relates to the position of education in the context of the public sector, which must be managed seriously, and the level of urgency for the government in setting program priorities such as development. This study used qualitative research methods with a literature study approach. Several stages of data presentation are applied in this paper, namely data restatement, description to map data patterns, and interpretation to highlight the definite meaning of the policy formulation process in educational institutions, including formulation, agenda setting, and ratification.

This study aims to explain the policy formulation process as it relates to the position of education in the context of the public sector, which must be managed seriously, and the level of urgency for the government in setting program priorities such as development. This study used qualitative research methods with a literature study approach. Several stages of data presentation are applied in this paper, namely data restatement, description to map data patterns, and interpretation to highlight the definite meaning of the policy formulation process in educational institutions, including formulation, agenda setting, and ratification.

INTRODUCTION
Until recently, Indonesia's education problems seemed to never run out, natural resources were very good, the population was high, but it was not balanced with human resources (Suhelayanti, 2019). During the 2nd period of Jokowi's administration, he appointed the Minister of Education with a Gojek CEO background. Many bold policies are made by changing the paradigm of educational institutions. The emergence of independent learning and independent campuses and other policies that became the public eye.
Many people welcomed it but there are also those who are quite the opposite. Based on cases in the field, it was found that the policies implemented were not based on the stages that had been regulated and determined. This is a reminder for policy makers to be able to produce policies with good formulation in order to solve existing problems (Aziz et al, 2020). Kebijakan publik adalah kajian disipin ilmu yang relatif tidak lama ada, karena secara sejarah (Historis) baru muncul pada pertengahan dasawarsa 1960-an sebagai sebuah disiplin yang muncul dalam ruang lingkup administrasi publik maupun ilmu politik (Aminuddin Bakry, 2010).
Politics is the level of a group or individual who discusses matters that occur in the life of society and the state. So public policy cannot be separated from human life in the form of individual micro-levels and macro-level contexts in life (Wahab, 2008).
Meanwhile, someone who runs or carries out political activities is referred to as a "politician". Politics and education are two things that cannot be separated. Politics produces an education system, and education influences political life (Sudartono & Rachmandhani, 2021). Meanwhile, education policy is something that is aimed at achieving national development goals in the education sector, because one of the goals of national development is to educate the nation's life. So that in educating the nation's life it should continue to be built so that it will eventually achieve the expected goals, namely the welfare of all Indonesian people. This prosperity can be realized if humans who become citizens have an adequate level of intelligence, to be able to master and practice the knowledge and knowledge they have. So that the knowledge possessed can be useful both for himself and others.

LITERATURE REVIEW
According to Kiwang (2014) policy comes from the Greek word polis which means city. Policy has to do with ideas regarding the management of organizations or institutions. Furthermore, the policy is called a formal activity carried out by an authorized institution (government) with the end result of achieving the stated goals (Ramdhani, 2017). Another meaning of policy is also a decision issued by the government for the general public (Nasarudin, 2016).
The regulator of the education system is called education policy. Many educational policies have been initiated aimed at facilitating and facilitating education providers and the community to be able to develop education innovatively to achieve national education goals (Junaid, 2016). The achievement of educational goals is closely related to interrelated factors, one of which is educator factors, student factors, educational tools factors, environmental factors and educational goal factors (Dewi, 2016).

METHODOLOGY
This article is a type of qualitative research with a library research approach. The steps taken in this study were to identify data that correlated with the research theme in the form of books or articles or journals. Aims to analyze the main issues related to the Public Policy Formulation Process in Educational Institutions (Formulation, Agenda Preparation and Ratification) in an effort to restore the scientific spirit in society by maximizing the existence of public policy.
Furthermore, combining one data with other data, so that it makes it easier for the author to analyze. The results of this qualitative research emphasize meaning rather than generalization (Sugiyono, 2019). Then an in-depth study is carried out so that it can produce the core of the discussion and conclusions.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
With various possibilities, humans will be confronted especially with the utilization of the great potential that they were born with. This potential can grow and be developed through the help of other parties, in this case, the role of education (Muhid, 2016).
Talking about policies, policies are a series of concepts and principles that serve as guidelines and basis for plans in implementing a job, leadership, and ways of acting. The term can be applied to governments, private sector organizations and groups, as well as individuals. The policy formulation is the core of the policy because here the boundaries of the policy itself are formulated (Alfiyah, 2011).
Education policy is public policy in the field of education. The Encyclopedia states that educational policy relates to a collection of laws or rules governing the implementation of the education system, which includes educational goals and how to achieve these goals (Riant Nugroho, 2008: 36). As stated by Mark Olsen & Anne-Maie O'Neil education policy is the key, even the existence for a country in global competition, so education policy needs to get top priority in the era of globalization.
There are several educational policy criteria that have specific characteristics, namely: Having educational goals, Having a legal-formal aspect, Having an operational concept, Made by the authorities, Can be evaluated and Has a systematic. The main reason is that globalization has brought democratic values. Democracy that gives good results is democracy supported by education (Riant Nugroho, 2008: 36). Marget E. Goertz argues that education policy is related to the efficiency and effectiveness of the education budget (Riant Nugroho, 2008: 37). As previously stated, educational policy is understood by researchers as part of public policy. Thus, education policy must be in line with public policy.
Public policy is the result of decisions or choices that directly regulate the management and distribution of natural, financial and human resources in the public interest, namely the people, residents, communities or citizens. From various literatures it can be revealed that public policy in international literature is referred to as public policy, which means a rule that regulates common life that must be obeyed and applies to all citizens.
In this article the author focuses on the stages of the policy-making process in educational institutions, namely the formulation, agenda setting and ratification of policies.

Policy Formulation
Policies can be formulated and adopted, competing for space on the policy agenda. The policy agenda exists at various levels, including the agenda of the political system, the agenda of the legislature and president, and the agenda of the bureaucracy. Many actors determine agenda setting including think tanks, interest groups, the media, and government officials.
There are two main models in viewing the policy agenda, namely the 'technocratic' model and the 'political' model. The technocratic model explains policy change as a result of decision makers changing their preferences and adapting to new conditions. According to the policy cycle, they learn from the experience shown by the results of the policy evaluation. Policy innovation, if any, is the product of policy making in which policies are seen as hypotheses, or theories, and implementation or implementation of policies is a test of those theories or hypotheses. Meanwhile, the political model basically seeks to explain policy making as a result of changes in the configuration of the dominant interests.
Thus, a good policy will be able to formulate explicitly an official statement regarding the choice of action to be taken, and the theories, propositions and causal models that underlie the policy, as well as the results to be achieved within a certain period of time. That is, in a policy formulation circle, legal action choices are made based on the hypotheses of various theoretical propositions in order to achieve the stated policy objectives.

Agenda Preparation
According to Kingdom (1993) an issue must enter the policy agenda, confirming to us that there is a 'policy window' and an 'opportunity for action' and does not necessarily mean that that is the only problem on the ground. In policy analysis, "problem" is an analytic construct, but in politics "problem" is a political construction. In policy analysis, the identified construct or problem is the product of an analysis result. In politics what is recognized or legalized as a "problem" is a product of the political process. Therefore, even though there are many problems in the field, not all of them are included in the policy agenda.
From the description above, a question arises, namely about how the problem is raised on the policy agenda? There are various ways. First, the problem must be widely perceived as a situation that does not live up to public expectations. In this way, the problem will at least enter the public agenda. Issues can move into the public spotlight and be forced onto the policy agenda with an enormous amount of public attention and outrage.
The media can be very effective in this regard (agenda building). Conversely, the media can also keep problems off the policy agenda by giving the impression that problems do not require resolution through the policy process (agenda cutting). Therefore, problems can also enter through the encouragement of interest groups that determine the agenda. However, policy formulation or agenda setting is only an entry point. It is a fixed issue that must attract the attention of decision makers (or, at least one of the government institutions) to be able to enter into the public policy process. So it must be understood that not all public agendas and media agendas will enter the policy cycle and then become policy formulations, until they finally become a legitimate policy.
In addition, the policy agenda also has limitations in terms of time. It often happens that items on the agenda move slowly and are replaced by other issues that are more urgent, especially when a crisis occurs.

Policy Formulation
The third stage in the policy process, the formulation of educational policies is very important to implement so that the educational goals that have been prepared can be achieved to the fullest (Henni Marsari, 2021). Policy formulation is the development of effective and acceptable policies to deal with what has been placed on the policy agenda. There are two definition: a. Effective formulation means that the proposed policy is considered a problem solver and becomes a valid, efficient solution so that it can be implemented. If this policy is seen as ineffective or unworkable in practice, then there is no valid reason to propose such a policy formulation. Therefore, there are various alternative policies proposed. This is the analysis phase of policy formulation. b. An acceptable formulation means that the proposed policy objectives are likely to be endorsed by legitimate decision makers, usually via a majority vote in a bidding process. In other words that the policy must be politically feasible. If the policy is rejected by decision makers, it may not be practical to suggest the policy. This is the political phase of policy formulation. As previously mentioned, the policy formulation process must go through an analysis phase. Policy design and various alternative policy options must be analyzed to find the most valid policy to solve the problem, efficient and can be practiced in the real world. Several models of analysis in policy formulation, for example: a). Cost-Benefit Analysis; b). multiobjective models; c). Decision Analysis (decision analysis); d). System Analysis (system analysis); e). operations research; e). Nominal group technique.
On the other hand, one of the reading materials is related to system analysis which explains how policies are prepared by looking at the internal environment and the external environment of a problem. But that is only one part of the policy formulation process, because there is a next phase, namely the political phase. Politically elected or appointed officials are accountable to the public for formulating sound and effective policies, but do not always have the analytical skills to do so.
Policy makers are expected to be able to provide technical contributions regarding methods, behavior, costs, implementation strategies, and the consequences of policies, good or bad. However, technical experts and analysts are not directly answerable to the public. Decisions about trade-offs, value prioritization, and overall weighting effects must ultimately still be made by decision makers who are, in theory, accountable to society in a representative system in our government. Authorization from decision makers is the key to a policy that can have authority and legal umbrella.
Therefore, we also need to understand the legal process that exists in our country. That is, what institutional processes and political processes must be passed so that a policy proposal can finally officially become a policy. Only by understanding this regulatory process can we identify the actors involved in the policy process and who are the decision makers. It should be underlined that not all policy areas are areas that are open to the public. Often this area is a closed area or can only be entered with an invitation from decision makers.
Decision-making in the field is often limited by at least two things: first, Bounded rationality (decision makers have limitations in terms of how far they behave rationally). And second, Satisfying (the decision maker may take the first proposal that meets certain minimum criteria). As a result, decision making is often influenced by various biases, for example, being able to see only one dimension of uncertainty, giving too much weight to the available information, thus ignoring the prevailing arrangements.
The three stages above, each existing stage must be considered maximally and thoroughly. Because in each of these processes it can be interpreted that every policy made is carried out in stages and processes that are maintained in order to produce policies that are right on target (Alamsyah et al, 2020).

CONCLUSION
The formulation of policies in educational institutions is very important to be implemented so that the educational goals that have been prepared can be achieved optimally and thoroughly. To formulate educational policies, it is necessary to know the stages or processes in producing educational policies. This stage means that every policy made goes through stages and processes that are controlled and supervised so that it can produce policy outputs that are in line with educational goals.