Family Interpersonal Communication Patterns in Preventing Early Marriage in Magelang

This research aims to determine the role of communication between parents and teenagers in preventing early marriage with a focus on Magelang Regency. This research uses qualitative research methods with data collection techniques in the form of interviews, observations, and notes to examine the role of communication between parents and teenagers in preventing child marriage in Magelang Regency. The research results show that there are several types of family communication that influence the tendency to marry early. First, is democratic communication, where families can communicate openly with teenagers to provide better guidance. Second, authoritative communication, where parents are more dominant in communicating, makes teenagers feel constrained and less open. This type of authoritarian communication tends to create undisclosed problems in parents, which may contribute to early marriage among teenagers.


INTRODUCTION
Family interpersonal communication in preventing early marriage in Magelang Regency reflects the challenges faced by local communities in changing social norms that can encourage early marriage.Magelang Regency, like many other areas, may have traditions and cultural norms that suppress early marriage as part of its strong cultural heritage.However, child marriage can have serious impacts on children's education, health, and social development.Therefore, it is important to understand that the role of interpersonal communication in the family can be an important tool in changing attitudes and social norms regarding child marriage.Open, understanding, and knowledge-based family communication can help children and teenagers understand the risks of early marriage and make smarter decisions about the past, as well as change family behavior that has the potential to harm the people of Magelang Regency.
Getting married or having an intimate relationship with the opposite sex is one of the developmental tasks that humans must go through at the age of 18 to 25 years (Santrock, 2011).Erikson believes that adolescents are in the stage of identity vs. identity confusion, where they have to decide who they want to be and what goals they want to achieve (Santrock, 2011).During adolescence, encouragement of the ability to achieve autonomy and gain control over one's behavior is obtained through appropriate reactions from adults to the adolescent's desire to gain control (Santrock, 2011).In this case, the adults around them are parents.Parents have a role as guides for teenagers in making the decisions they make until they can do it independently.Adolescence is also a time of preservation of attachment from parents to peers.Sullivan (Santrock, 2011) states that the increasing need for intimacy during adolescence will motivate teenagers to look for friends.The relationships they have with peers are not only those of the same gender but also those of the opposite gender.Apart from developing social relationships, teenagers will also develop their romantic relationships through romantic relationships, namely dating.According to Santrock (2011), dating is a form of entertainment, a source of status, and a situation that allows someone to find a partner and learn about intimate relationships.However, romantic relationships and dating that are carried out at an early age cause further problems, including the risk of pregnancy and problems at home and school (Santorck, 2011).One research study conducted by Jalil (2014) in Yogyakarta shows that early marriage is always directly proportional to unwanted pregnancy, although this is not the only reason for early marriage.Marriages are performed by women who experience unwanted pregnancies due to social and religious considerations.
In general, marriage in Indonesia is regulated by Marriage Law Number 1 of 1974 (BIP Team, 2017).In this Law, the age permitted for a person to marry is 16 years for women, and 20 years for men, which is regulated in Article 7 paragraph 1.However, in the next paragraph, it is stated that "In the event of a deviation from paragraph (1) This article can request dispensation from the Court or other officials requested by the parents of the man or woman."This paragraph explains that under certain circumstances, a person can marry before the time specified by law only if they obtain a dispensation letter.
Promiscuity and family economic conditions are the main reasons for early marriage.At this age, teenagers often behave defiantly for various reasons, including communication errors, errors in personality development, and factors related to the social environment (Musmirotun, 2021).This behavior can have fatal consequences for teenagers because of the high risk, one of which is the emergence of unwanted pregnancy or premarital pregnancy.Unwanted pregnancy (KTD) is a condition where the couple does not want the birth process of a pregnancy.This pregnancy can be the result of sexual behavior/sexual intercourse, whether intentional or unintentional (Widyastuti, 2009).Based on data from the Analysis of Child Marriage in Indonesia (Central Statistics Agency [BPS], 2016), shows that the practice of child marriage in Indonesia in the age range of 16 to 17 years is still high.There is a relationship between child marriage and education in Indonesia.This report shows that girls tend not to continue their education after marriage so the educational attainment of children who marry young is lower than those who marry at an older age.
The problem of early marriage in Indonesia is caused by various factors, including the customs or culture of arranged marriage that are embedded in society, economic factors, lack of education and knowledge of the community (parents and children), promiscuity, and pregnancy outside of marriage.Data shows that child marriage is still a problem in Indonesia.The rate of premarital sex is increasing from year to year.This premarital sexual behavior also occurs among teenagers and is increasing every year.According to Hurlock (2002), the manifestation of sexual urges in sexual behavior is influenced by internal and external factors.Premarital sexual behavior in teenagers can have several negative impacts, both physical, psychological, and social.
Early marriage itself violates human rights guaranteed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), including the right to education, the right to live free from violence, the right to health, the right to be protected from exploitation, and the right not to be separated from their parents (BPS , 2016).Alwis (2008) in his report for UNICEF entitled Child Marriage and the Law explains that to fight against early marriage, the rights that need to be developed for girls include the right to equality and non-discrimination, the right to free expression and obtain information, the right to education and employment when they grow up, the right to Many cases of pregnancy out of wedlock occur as a result of promiscuity between men and women.Uncontrolled freedom of action, lack of understanding and knowledge, a bad environment, and a weak understanding of religious values also influence a person's actions to fall into promiscuity.This can of course affect the morals and morals of teenagers in particular, if they cannot control themselves they will certainly fall into these negative things.Psychological conditions affect parties who enter into early marriages caused by pregnancy outside of marriage in communicating with the surrounding environment.Openness to information regarding the dangers of getting married by accident can provide an initial foundation for preventing early marriage.This understanding can be linked to the self-disclosure of perpetrators who enter into early marriages, especially those caused by pregnancy outside of marriage.Courage in providing information related to oneself is still something that is not easy to do.Pressure from various aspects and social sanctions that may be obtained influence the attitudes and views of parties who enter into early marriage due to pregnancy out of wedlock.Based on problems related to early marriage among teenagers in Magelang Regency.Early marriage can have serious impacts on the physical, mental, and social development of teenagers.Therefore, researchers want to conduct this research to find out more about the role of communication between parents and teenagers in preventing early marriage.With a deeper understanding of these communication dynamics, it is safe for researchers to find effective intervention strategies to help teenagers make better decisions about marriage and reduce the rate of early marriage in this area.

LITERATURE REVIEW Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal communication is involved so that it is more directed and focused, where through interpersonal communication, parents can better control their child's growth and development and education, and parents can better understand the problems their children face (Maulina & Aslinda, 2022).A child's personality begins at an early age, therefore quality and appropriate education is needed for him to be successful.Meanwhile, according to R. Wayne Pace (1979), interpersonal communication is a direct communication process between two or more people so that the sender and recipient of the message can provide a response.direct.According to Tan in Liliweri (1991), interpersonal communication is face-to-face communication between two or more people.Interpersonal communication is an active activity.Interpersonal communication is not just sending and receiving messages, but also back and forth communication between the sender and recipient of the message.Communication between parents and children is very important for the development of children's personalities (Ilyas, 2004).If parental communication is conveyed well, the child will develop well.Parental communication has a big influence on children and plays an important role in the lives of children and adolescents.

Family Communication Patterns Theory
Family Communication Patterns Theory (FCP) assumes that people's beliefs about family connectedness vary in the degree to which communication is considered open and enduring by specific structures within the family.According to Keating et al. (2002a), FCP focuses on the way individuals recognize their communications with other family members.Fitzpatrick and Richie (1994) described FCP as about how others view the family structure and the interpretations that the family makes and interactions as a family unit.There are two ways of family communication in the family: conversation orientation and conformity orientation.Conversation orientation describes open communication within the family.When a family is busy chatting, oriented members talk about a wider range of topics, and are more open to feelings and opinions (Fitzpatrick and Ritchie 1994).Families with a high conversation orientation discuss several issues and feel comfortable sharing information.Families low in orientation conversations may find a variety of topics challenging to discuss.In low conversation orientation, families have fewer topics to discuss and feel uncomfortable sharing personal information (Koerner and Fitzpatrick, 2006).
Conformity orientation refers to the amount of communication accompanied by compliance with the family hierarchy.The FCP framework assumes that family levels vary where commutative behavior emphasizes the unity of beliefs and attitudes (Koerner and Fitzpatrick, 2006).Fitzpatrick and Ritchie (1994) argue that conformity orientation is related to how much emphasis is placed on obedience to parental authority and avoiding conflict.Koerner (2006) explains that when family communication is high in conformity, members tend to avoid conflict and emphasize harmony and relationships within the family.When family communication is characterized as low conformity, members individualize themselves from the family and are more willing to express their disagreement with other family members' points of view.

METHODOLOGY
The type of research used in this research is descriptive research which focuses on interpersonal communication.By providing a detailed description of a particular phenomenon, descriptive research can help researchers better understand the topic and make decisions based on the data collected.According to (Pawito, 2007) qualitative communication research is not intended to provide explanations, control communication symptoms, or make predictions, but is intended to provide an overview and understanding of how and why a communication phenomenon or relationship occurs.The data sources in this research can be obtained from 10 heads of families in Magelang Regency.Data Collection Techniques 1) Observation involves systematically observing and recording behavior, interactions, and events that occur in a natural or controlled environment.2) Documentation, including note-taking, recording interviews or meetings, taking minutes, and writing reports.3) An interview involves asking questions to gather information, opinions, or ideas from a person or group of people.The informants in the research were selected deliberately and randomly or purposively sampling (Moleong, 2005).The interviews used in this research were in-depth interviews.The validation technique uses triangulation techniques which involve checking for errors, inconsistencies, and other things that can affect the quality of the data.In this research, researchers used a data analysis method, namely interactive analysis (Miles & Huberman, 2014) in which there are three main components, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions.

Family Communication on Adolescent Development
Magelang Regency has many different factors and dynamics that influence family communication on adolescent development.It is important to remember that each region has its own context and that cultural, social and economic factors may play a role in influencing the impact of family communication on adolescent development.However, overall, good family communication in Magelang Regency can have a significant positive impact on adolescent development.The strong Javanese culture in this region often emphasizes values such as respect for parents and a culture of mutual cooperation.Media that focuses on education, ethics, and values can help teenagers become responsible and ethical individuals.
Apart from that, Magelang Regency also has its own challenges, such as unequal access to education and health facilities in various regions.Family communication can also be a way to help teenagers understand the importance of education and health, and encourage them to take the right steps in facing these challenges.Local governments and social organizations in Magelang Regency can also play a role in helping families establish positive communication with teenagers.Family communication plays a very important role in adolescent development.Family communication patterns are very important, especially in dealing with adolescent problems (Rogi, 2015).Open and positive communication between parents and children helps create a strong emotional bond.Teenagers who feel heard and understood by their parents tend to be more confident and better able to overcome life's stresses and challenges.Apart from that, good communication also helps parents understand the changes and developments their teenagers are experiencing, so they can provide the right support and help them overcome any problems that may arise.
Effective family communication helps teenagers understand the values, norms and expectations that exist in their families.This helps teenagers in their identity process, allowing them to develop a vision of themselves and how they want to behave inside and outside the family.Through the habits and awareness of parents in establishing effective communication with children, they can help children develop their inner abilities (Jatmikowati, 2018).Additionally, good communication can also help prevent risky behavior and engage teens in meaningful discussions about topics such as sex, drugs, and healthy relationships.Therefore, strong family communication is one of the key factors that helps teenagers develop into emotionally and socially healthy individuals.The more effective the communication skills that parents and teenagers have, the higher the social skills of the teenager, that is, the higher the social skills that the teenager has.Conversely, the less effective the communication between parents and children, the weaker the social communication that teenagers will have (Larasati & Marheni 2019).
Magelang Regency has many different factors and dynamics that influence family communication on adolescent development.It is important to remember that each region has its own context and that cultural, social, and economic factors may play a role in influencing the impact of family communication on adolescent development.However, overall good family communication in Magelang Regency can have a significant positive impact on adolescent development.The strong Javanese culture in this region often emphasizes values such as respect for parents and a culture of mutual cooperation.Media that focuses on education, ethics, and values can help teenagers become responsible and ethical individuals.
Apart from that, Magelang Regency also has its own challenges, such as unequal access to education and health facilities in various regions.Family communication can also be a way to help teenagers understand the importance of education and health and encourage them to take the right steps in facing these challenges.Local governments and social organizations in Magelang Regency can also play a role in helping families establish positive communication with teenagers.Family communication plays a very important role in adolescent development.Family communication patterns are very important, especially in dealing with teenage problems (Rogi, 2015).Open and positive communication between parents and children helps create a strong emotional bond.Teenagers who feel heard and understood by their parents tend to be more confident and better able to overcome life's stresses and challenges.Apart from that, good communication also helps parents understand the changes and developments their teenagers are experiencing, so they can provide the right support and help them overcome any problems that may arise.
Effective family communication helps teenagers understand the values, norms and expectations that exist in their families.This helps teenagers in their identity process, allowing them to develop a vision of themselves and how they want to behave inside and outside the family.Through the habits and awareness of parents in establishing effective communication with children, they can help children develop their inner abilities (Jatmikowati, 2018).Additionally, good communication can also help prevent risky behavior and engage teens in meaningful discussions about topics such as sex, drugs, and healthy relationships.Therefore, strong family communication is one of the key factors that helps teenagers develop into emotionally and socially healthy individuals.The more effective the communication skills of parents and teenagers, the higher the social skills the teenager has, meaning the higher the social skills the teenager has.Conversely, the less effective the communication between parents and children, the weaker the social communication carried out by teenagers (Larasati & Marheni 2019).

The Role of Parents in Preventing Early Marriage
The role of parents is very important in preventing child marriage in Magelang Regency, especially considering the high rate of child marriage in the area.Parents have a big influence in shaping children's views and values regarding marriage.Efforts to prevent early marriage must be carried out by paying attention to the structural and cultural conditions of society.The role of traditional heads and religious leaders must also be optimized in preventing child marriage.We also need to strengthen the implementation of laws that regulate the minimum age for marriage (Handayani et.al, 2021).In many cases, child marriage occurs due to social pressure, tradition, or a lack of understanding about the risks and consequences of child marriage.Therefore, parents must act as educators and advisors for their children, helping them better understand the importance of education, independence, and personal development before marriage.The impact of immature thinking in solving problems can lead to failure over repeated arguments (Adam, 2020).Therefore, divorce is inevitable.This case caused an increase in the number of family divorces in Indonesia.
By providing emotional support and accurate knowledge about the risks of child marriage, parents can help their children make smarter and more sustainable choices for their future.Apart from that, parents can also play an active role in identifying risk factors that cause child marriage in Magelang Regency.They can partner with communities, local governments, and NGOs to implement education and awareness programs that address issues such as poverty, access to education, and traditional influences that can influence decisions regarding early child marriage.Family pressure and social norms in the surrounding environment influence teenagers' decisions to marry at an early age (Aseri, 2023).Therefore, parents can be powerful agents of change in changing social norms and reducing the rate of child marriage in Magelang Regency, thereby providing better opportunities for their children to have a bright and sustainable future.
It is important to know that the role of positive communication between parents and children is very important in building healthy education and preventing child marriage.Positive parent-child interactions characterized by positive communication and secure attachment influence the development of teenagers' personalities (Situmorang & Hastuti, 2016).When parents use an open communication style, children feel comfortable discussing their experiences, considerations, and questions about education and marriage.Parents who listen empathetically and provide sound advice can help children understand the importance of education, develop independence, and evaluate the consequences of early marriage.These open and informative discussions can also help children access accurate and relevant information needed to make decisions.Democratic communication will influence children's emotional awareness (Styowati, 2005).
Negative communication between parents and children can have a negative impact on children's education and increase the risk of child marriage.When communication is characterized by authoritarianism, confusion, or even verbal abuse, children may tend to withdraw and feel isolated from their families.This may cause them to seek support and information from sources that may be less accurate, such as colleagues or social networks.Poor communication can also lead to conflict and confusion, which can cloud a child's perspective on their education and future.The higher and stricter the parents' authoritarian communication, the higher the child's self-efficacy, and the higher the authoritarian communication, the lower the child's self-efficacy (Yulianti et.al, 2023).Therefore, parents must be wise in choosing and implementing good communication models for their children's growth and development.
To ensure parents' active communication role in raising children and preventing child marriage, it is important for parents to actively listen to their children, demonstrate understanding, and provide advice that supports their personal development.Apart from that, parents should also create a safe and open environment so that children feel comfortable discussing education and marriage issues.Through healthy communication, parents can help children make more informed decisions, respect their right to develop and prevent early marriage which can pose risks to children's lives.
Efforts to prevent early child marriage can provide useful insight into how families can influence their children's marriage decisions.Based on the obedience aspect refers to the extent to which the family emphasizes consensus and compliance with family rules and norms.In an effort to prevent child marriage, families that tend to be authoritarian in terms of conformity may face many challenges.Children in these families may feel pressured to adhere to traditions and norms that permit early marriage.Therefore, it is important for families to provide space for children to express their opinions and talk openly about marriage.In this case, families should take a more open and democratic approach, respect children's opinions, and provide space for children to participate in the decision-making process regarding marriage.Communication with teenagers involves self-disclosure, communication, and building reciprocal relationships in the community.On the other hand, teenagers who are not yet calm still need to look after their parents (Ramadhana, 2018).
Meanwhile, the consensus aspect refers to the extent to which the family involves its members in the decision-making process.Families that use a highly consensual communication model discuss problems together and seek consensus before making important decisions.In the context of preventing child marriage, it is important for families to build consensus in the decision-making process.This will provide an opportunity for children to actively participate in discussions about their marriage, allowing them to talk about their hopes and concerns and discuss the long-term impacts of early marriage.In this way, children will feel more involved and better understand the meaning of their marriage so that they can help prevent early marriage in Magelang Regency.Family communication influences children's marriage decisions.By implementing a more open, democratic, and consensus communication model, families can play a role in preventing child marriage by giving children the opportunity to make more informed and considered decisions regarding their future.Democratic parenting (free but responsible) is an effective model for reducing and preventing juvenile delinquency (Rogi, 2015).
Although traditional traditions can influence family communication patterns, the role of the family in preventing child marriage is also greatly influenced by environmental factors it.In many societies, traditional traditions often pressure and expect children to comply with norms that have existed for centuries, especially regarding marriage.Therefore, family communication may be more limited in marital decision-making, especially if there is a strong traditional emphasis on young marriage.This can make it difficult for children to talk openly about their considerations in the context of marriage.
However, environmental factors also play an important role in determining the role of the family in preventing child marriage.Factors such as education, access to information, and access to health services can influence how well families understand the impact of early marriage and whether or not they have enough resources to better understand their children.In addition, support from community organizations, governments, and NGOs to raise awareness about the risks of child marriage can also play a role in changing social norms and supporting communication.Communicate with your family more openly about this issue.One of the causes of child marriage is the village community's belief that if a girl is not married immediately, she will become an old woman and cannot be sold.This is the reason why most parents in the village have to marry off their daughters when they are still very young (Arikhman et.al, 2019).
Therefore, although traditional traditions may influence family communication patterns, broader environmental factors may be key to helping families prevent child marriage by providing information.Better information, resources, and support are needed to make smarter decisions.This is a collaborative effort that not only involves families but also the community and wider society to overcome complex problems in Magelang Regency.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The conclusion of this research is that the role of communication between parents and teenagers in preventing early marriage has a significant impact.This research identifies two models of family communication that are influential in the context of Magelang Regency, namely democratic communication and authoritarian communication.First, the democratic communication model shows that families who are able to be open and communicate openly with teenagers tend to be able to guide teenagers better.Targeted communication helps teenagers feel more comfortable discussing their feelings, problems, and considerations regarding marriage so that it can help prevent early marriage.Second, authoritarian communication patterns show that parental dominance in communication can make teenagers feel restricted and less willing to discuss important issues.This can cause problems that are not disclosed by parents, which in the end can increase the risk of early marriage.Therefore, the results of this study highlight the importance of healthy and open communication between parents and teenagers to prevent early marriage.Developing an intervention program that encourages better family communication could be an effective step to reduce the rate of early marriage in Magelang Regency, and perhaps in other places that experience similar problems.

ADVANCED RESEARCH
Limitations of this research include geographical limitations, where this research only focuses on Magelang Regency, so to generalize the results to other areas may require further research.In addition, this research relies on qualitative methods with data collection techniques such as interviews, observations, and notes, which may limit the ability to quantitatively measure the impact of family communication on early marriage.Apart from that, external factors such as cultural and religious aspects that may influence early marriage also need to be researched further for a deeper understanding.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researcher would like to thank the Magelang district government and several informants who have helped with this research.The researcher would like to express his gratitude to the Master of Communication Science study program, at Sebelas Maret University, which has helped the researcher to understand the application of communication theory to problems in the field.