Social Adaptation of Immigrant Communities in Urban Communities

This article aims to analyze social adaptation and patterns of community social adaptation in the Manggarai migrant community in Nipa-nipa, Manggala Village, Manggala District, Makassar City. This research used a descriptive qualitative approach with informants from the Manggarai community, the local community and the head of the RT. Data collection was carried out by means of observation, interviews and documentation. The data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. Researchers use triangulation to obtain data validity. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that 1) The reasons why the people of Manggarai urbanize are influenced by push factors from the village such as the lack of available jobs and lack of educational institutions, and pull factors from the city, namely the availability of jobs and the availability of educational institutions. 2) The social adaptation process of the Manggarai people, namely the Manggarai people use their reasons or goals as motivation to be able to adapt and maintain their attitudes and behavior, 3) The adaptation patterns they carry out are, namely, language adjustment patterns, norm adjustment and acting in accordance with positive things


INTRODUCTION
Along with the times, the demand to have better self-competence is also increasing so that a person can be more competitive in living his life, such as the need to get the desired job, increase social dignity and be able to get along well in his social environment (Mesra, 2023).
Rural communities are communities whose lives are generally more traditional.In social relations in rural communities, a sense of brotherhood, togetherness and a level of solidarity is highly prioritized.So it is not surprising that the level of concern between members of the community is very much considered (Habiba, Nurdin, & Muhamad, 2017).The livelihood of rural communities in general is as farmers.
Based on the results of initial observations made by prospective researchers, researchers obtained data about the Manggarai people.Based on the results of an interview with Mrs. A. S who is also a Manggaraian, she said that "there are not many Manggarai people in Makassar, especially those who live, because the dominant people who come to Makassar are people who come to study, but there are also "Some of them come to work, for those who live in Makassar, the majority of them already have families." Population growth in urban areas has an impact on increasing needs for city facilities and infrastructure, especially housing.Procurement of housing in big cities is very limited, especially for lower middle class people (Rijal & Tahir, 2022).Day by day the need for housing in urban areas is increasing rapidly.
There are various reasons for village people moving to urban areas, one of which is because in the city there are more opportunities for work than in the village.Big cities have become the target of rural communities to survive and meet their daily needs.Rural people always think that when they live in the city everything is available.
Makassar is a metropolitan city where there are immigrant communities.The migrant communities come from various tribes and different regions, one of the migrant communities in the city of Makassar comes from Manggarai, East Nusa Tenggara.They came and settled in Makassar for various reasons and their own purposes, some came to look for work and others came to get an education.Some of the Manggarai people who came to Makassar came of their own free will, there were also those who came because they were invited by family or friends who had already or were currently migrating in the city of Makassar.Society in general has culture and customs, but each region's culture and customs are definitely different.The culture of the Manggarai people is different from the culture of the Makassar people.So there is a need for an adaptation process for the Manggarai community in Makassar City.Adaptation is the process of adjusting oneself to the surrounding environment so that conflict does not occur.
Social adaptation is a form of adjustment to the social environment.According to Suparlan, adaptation itself is essentially a process to fulfill the basic requirements for continuing life (Suparlan, 1993).Adaptation is a process to achieve balance with the environment (Jalal, 2018).
According to Satmoko, adjustment is understood as a person's continuous interaction with himself, other people and his world (Risnawita, 2011).A person is said to have successful selfadjustment if he can achieve satisfaction in his efforts to meet needs, overcome tension, be free from several disturbing symptoms (such as chronic anxiety, melancholy, depression, obsession, or psychosomatic disorders that can hinder a person's tasks), frustration, and conflict.
Urban society is a society with no specific population (Purwantini., 2016).Social development creates a social surplus.The existence of a social surplus will result in urban communities forming a city.Paul B Horton, (1987) defined society as a group of people who are relatively independent, who have lived together for a long time, who inhabit an area, have the same culture, and carry out most of their activities within that group (Harahap, 2013).
The success of adaptation carried out by each urban community can be seen from how they are able to interact with the surrounding community and are able to follow all existing rules.
In the adaptation process carried out by the Manggarai people, the author sees that they are able to adapt to the surrounding community, which is the core problem for the author where the life patterns of the Manggarai people who originally came from villages are different from the life patterns of urban communities but they can still adapt, so this is what is the reason for writing this article with the title "Social Adaptation of Migrant Communities in Urban Areas, a study of the Manggarai migrant community in Makassar City."

Researchers use a qualitative approach.
Qualitative research is research whose data is in the form of data, written data, descriptions obtained from respondents, and observed subject behavior.This qualitative research aims to find out why the Manggarai community is urbanizing and what processes and patterns of social adaptation they carry out (Sugiyono, 2011).This research was located in Nipa-nipa, Manggala Village, Manggala District, Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province.Some of the reasons the researchers chose this location were because from the results of initial observations made by the researchers, it turned out that in Manggala District there were more Manggarai people.
In this research, researchers used data obtained from two sources, namely:

Primary Data
Primary data is data obtained directly from the field either through observation or through interviews with informants (A, Ibrahim, 2015).The criteria for becoming an informant are: a.The main informants were manggarai people 1) Minimum age 30-50 years 2) Have lived in Makassar for at least 3 years b.Helpful information from the local community c.Key government information/RT head In this research, the primary data sources were 5 main informants, namely Manggarai people, 3 auxiliary informants, namely local people, and 1 RT head or government as key information.Research informants were obtained using purposive sampling.Purposive sampling technique is a technique for sampling data sources with certain considerations.The purpose of consideration, for example, is that the person is considered to know what we expect or perhaps a leader or businessman so that it will make it easier for the researcher to explore the object or social situation being studied.

Secondary Data
Secondary data sources are data sources that do not provide information directly to data collectors.This data is used to support information from primary data obtained either from interviews or direct observation in the field.Secondary data includes data about research subjects, data about research locations, data about research objects, and other data related to research and capable of supporting primary data.
Data can also be obtained through data searches via the internet by visiting several websites or sites that are able to provide the data needed for research.
Data collection in qualitative research can be carried out using natural conditions techniques, primary data sources, and more on participant observation techniques, in-depth interviews and documentation (Almanshur Fauzan, 2017).

Observation
The observation method is a data collection technique that requires researchers to go out into the field to observe things related to space, place, actors, activities, objects, time, events, goals and feelings (Almanshur Fauzan, 2017).

Interview
The data collection techniques used in qualitative research emphasize interview techniques, especially in-depth interviews.Qualitative interviews are a technique for collecting data and information.The use of this method is based on two reasons.First, with interviews, researchers can explore not only what the research subject knows and experiences, but what is hidden deep within the research subject.Second, what is asked of the informant can include things that are cross-term, relating to the past, present and future.
The interview instruments used by prospective researchers are cellphones to record the interview, writing equipment to write down information from informants, and using an interview format as a guide when conducting interviews.
3. Documentation Documentation is carried out to document research objects/informants as well as everything at the research location that can be used as material for research.This documentation is a data collection technique that collects written, image or electronic documents.Documentation is carried out by taking photos when we carry out the interview process with people who can provide information for our research and also during direct observation at the research location (Almanshur Fauzan, 2017).
Activities in data analysis are: data reduction, data display, data conclusion drawing/verification (Sugiyono, 2017).1.Data Reduction (Data Reduction) Data reduction is defined as the process of selecting, focusing on simplifying, abstracting rough data obtained from written notes in the field.Reduction activities will take place continuously during the data collection process.Data reduction is also a form of analysis that sharpens, selects, focuses, discards and arranges data in a way so that final conclusions can be drawn and verified.

Data Display (Data Presentation)
The second step of qualitative data analysis is data presentation, namely a collection of information that allows conclusions to be drawn and action taken.Through the data presented we can see and understand what is happening and what needs to be done.The form most often used in presenting qualitative data is narrative text.

Data Display (Data Presentation)
The second step of qualitative data analysis is data presentation, namely a collection of information that allows conclusions to be drawn and action taken.Through the data presented we can see and understand what is happening and what needs to be done.The form most often used in presenting qualitative data is narrative text.

Drawing conclusions
The third step in data analysis activities is drawing conclusions.From the beginning of data collection, qualitative research then focuses on what something means, noting regularities and patterns of explanation, until it becomes explicit and basic so that it becomes an inductive conclusion.

A. Validation of Data
In this research, researchers used data validity tests using triangulation techniques.In simple terms, triangulation can be interpreted as a technique for checking the validity of research data by comparing sources, theories and research methods/techniques.
Source triangulation as a technique for checking data validity is carried out by comparing the data obtained from each source.Meanwhile, triangulation of techniques/methods is carried out by comparing data produced from several different techniques used in research.Meanwhile, theoretical triangulation is carried out by comparing several theories that are directly related to research data.With the triangulation technique, there are at least three ways that researchers can take, namely: 1. Ask a variety of questions 2. Check it with various data sources 3. Utilize various methods so that data trustworthiness checks can be carried out.In other words, with the triangulation technique a researcher can check his findings by comparing them with various sources, methods/techniques, or theories (A, Ibrahim, 2015).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The research results are presented as follows:

Adaptation process
Adaptation carried out by a person cannot be separated from a process.In the adaptation process, a person will definitely have differences with other people.There are those who experience problems in the adaptation process, there are also those who do not feel any obstacles at all in the adaptation process.The aim of adaptation in general is for a person to be able to adapt to their environment with the aim of gaining a sense of comfort when they are in a new environment.
The results of the research are shown as follows: As "In my opinion, the most important thing is to remember the original purpose of coming abroad.So, in order to adapt to a new environment, make the main goal of migrating as motivation to live side by side with the surrounding community.Gradually, this motivation can have an influence on someone to be able to adapt.But first we have to learn how people in the city live, because life in the village and in the city is very, very different." Based on the findings above, it can be stated that the most important thing for the adaptation process carried out by the Manggarai people is motivation and also attitudes towards the realities of life in the city, where motivation is a factor that can be said to be the key to understanding the adjustment process, because motivation is the same as need. .Apart from motivation, attitude towards reality is also an important factor in the process of self-adjustment, where aspects of self-adjustment are determined by the attitude and way a person reacts to the surrounding community.Apart from that, there are also various demands of reality such as restrictions, rules and norms which require a person to continue to learn to face and manage a process towards harmonious relationships.

Adaptation Pattern
The results of research on adaptation patterns were revealed by the following sources and informants: The adaptation pattern shows how a person adapts to the steps or actions taken by a person so that the adjustment process can run well so that in the end a person is able to adapt well to their new environment.
The results of research on adaptation patterns are presented as follows: As stated by EG's mother, saying that: "If you want to adapt well, the first thing you have to do is have the intention to adapt and you have to remember the main purpose of coming abroad for what, so that from there we can definitely adapt, apart from that, we as immigrants must be able to follow the rules that have been made by the local community, so what "What we do does not violate existing rules because every action we take always has limits according to the applicable rules." Also conveyed by another source, the initials DG said: "The first step that must be taken is to maintain a good attitude, in accordance with the law of mutual respect, if you want to be respected then you also have to know how to respect other people, don't just act as you please, so that from there other people can judge your personality and that is the most important thing.So starting from there, a person can naturally adapt well." Based on the results above, it can be emphasized that the pattern of adaptation carried out by the Manggarai people is the first factor from themselves, namely the desire to be able to adapt to the local community, apart from that, mutual respect is one of the patterns carried out by the Manggarai people to be able to adapt well, and also follow the rules that have been made by the local community, so that our every behavior can always be well controlled so that there are no deviations from existing rules.
The research discussion is explained as follows: In carrying out social adaptation, it cannot be separated from what is called a social adaptation process.According to Schneiders, the process of self-adjustment involves at least three elements, namely motivation, attitudes towards reality, and basic patterns of self-adjustment (Schneiders, 1984).Motivational factors can be said to be the key to understanding the adjustment process.Various aspects of self-adjustment are determined by the attitudes and ways individuals react to the people around them, the objects, and the relationships that make up reality.In general, it can be said that a healthy attitude towards reality and good contact with reality are very necessary for a healthy adjustment process.
From the research results, researchers have found that the adaptation process carried out by the Manggarai community namely: 1) Motivation, where in motivation there is an element of need so that the Manggarai people who come to Makassar make their main goal a motivation so that the Manggarai people can fulfill their needs, so they must be able to adapt well.2) The attitudes and behavior of the Manggarai community towards the environment and local community, where the Manggarai community must be able to behave well towards the environment and local community so that deviations do not occur which cause conflict with the local community.3) Able to see the reality of life in the city, where the Manggarai people must first learn the habits of the local community, one of which is in terms of language, so that the Manggarai people must be able to follow the local community's habits which have positive values so that the Manggarai people are able to adapt to the environment and society around.The adaptation pattern is the steps taken by the Manggarai community in carrying out the process of adapting to the environment and local community so that the Manggarai community in adapting does not deviate from the rules existing in the local community environment.
Some basic patterns of social adaptation include the ability to accept and assess the reality of the environment outside oneself objectively in accordance with rational considerations and feelings, the ability to act dynamically, flexibly and not rigidly so as to create a sense of security, not haunted by anxiety or fear, and being able to act appropriately.with positive potentials that are worthy of development so that they can accept and be accepted by the environment, are not pushed aside by the environment or oppose environmental dynamics, respect each other and are able to act tolerantly, always show respectful behavior in accordance with human dignity, and can understand and accept the condition of other people, even though it is actually less serious than their own situation, and can act in accordance with the norms adopted by their environment and in harmony with their rights and obligations.
From the research results, researchers have found that the pattern of adaptation carried out by the Manggarai people begins with their own desire to be able to adapt to the new environment and to the people in that environment, where they must remember their main purpose in coming and settling in Makassar.The adaptation patterns they use are: 1) Language adjustment patterns From the research results, it was found that the adaptation pattern carried out by the Manggarai people is one of the patterns of language adaptation, especially in the way they respond or answer other people, where the Manggarai people's habit is to always answer with the word "iyo", which according to the local community has a bad impression.On the other hand, local people respond or answer other people with the word "iye" which also has a bad impression on the Manggarai people, so here the Manggarai people must be able to adapt their language to the local community so that there are no misunderstandings that cause conflict.

2) Adjustment to norms
The next step they take is to follow the rules or norms that apply in that environment.Apart from that, they also apply an attitude of mutual respect in their daily lives, so that conflicts never occur because they follow the existing rules and good habits.From the research results that have been obtained, this is also in line with the theory of sociocultural adaptation strategies by John William Bennett, where Bennett explains that the basic assumptions of adaptation develop from an evolutionary understanding which always sees humans always trying to adapt to their environment, either biologically or physically.genetically as well as socially and culturally.
People who urbanize always try to adapt to the environment because social adaptation is very necessary in everyday life, as is the case for everyone who urbanizes with the aim that when they mingle with other communities there is little chance of conflict.Adaptation also functions so that social interactions that occur in society can run smoothly.

CONCLUSION
The social adaptation process carried out by the Manggarai community begins with the main purpose of coming to Makassar, which is used as a motivation to be able to adapt to the environment, apart from that, attitudes and behavior must be controlled in order to remain comfortable and not feel inferior when mingling with the local community. .
The adaptation pattern carried out by the Manggarai people is the language adjustment pattern from "iyo" to "iye" because it follows the habits of the local community, apart from that, the norm adjustment pattern where the Manggarai people must be able to follow the norms that apply to the local community, apart from that, mutual feelings respect and appreciate each other, apart from that, we also continue to follow the rules existing in the community so as to avoid deviations that result in conflict with the local community and maintain attitudes and behavior so that we remain comfortable living side by side with the local community.
stated by Mrs. EG, she said that: you will always be reminded that we go to school not because we are capable people, but because we are incapable people, and our goal for school is to at least raise the status of our parents."So the most important thing to be able to adapt is our attitude and behavior towards other people.If we can respect other people, automatically other people will definitely treat us well."This is expressed as follows: