An Investigation Into the Lexical-Semantic Meanings of Causative Verbs in English

This scientific article explores the lexical-semantic nuances of causative verbs in the English language. Causative verbs play a crucial role in expressing the relationships between actions and their agents, impacting the meaning and interpretation of various linguistic constructs


INTRODUCTION
Causative verbs, a subset of English verbs, hold the power to convey the act of causing something to happen or bringing about a change in state.Despite their apparent simplicity, causative verbs exhibit rich lexical and semantic meanings, often influencing the underlying dynamics of sentence structures.This study aims to unravel the complexities surrounding causative verbs and their semantic nuances, contributing to a deeper understanding of English language use.
The theory of cause and causal constructions was first developed by such scientists as V. P. Nedyalkov, G. G.The semantic and syntactic features of the English verb make directly affect its use.In particular, one of the semantic features of this verb is to overcome strong resistance, for example: I made the bolt screw in by twisting it with a heavy wrench.
Men murvatni og'ir kalit bilan burab qo'ydim.Yana bir semantik xususiyati ish-harakat bajarilish usulining aktuallashuvidir, bu quyidagi misolning talqinidan yaqqol ko'rinadi.It was by twisting it with a heavy wrench that I made the bolt screw in.Men uni og'ir kalit bilan aylantirib, murvatni burab qo'ydim.Other properties of the verb make depend on how easily the lexical causative can be converted into an analytic causative verb.In the occurrence of an action, the semantics of make may include the meaning of a threat (including a threat to cause harm).Let's compare: I made him clean the garage by threatening to cut his allowance (if he didn't).Men uni garajni tozalashga majbur qildim, aks holda uning yo'llanmasini bekor qilaman, deb tahdid qildim.I made him clean the garage by promising to raise his allowance (if he did).
The analysis of the language material showed that among the constructions with the verb make in the English language, the constructions of the elliptical type prevail.They make up 90% of the total number of considered examples.Non-elliptical constructions account for 10% of the total number of analyzed examples in English.For example, he shouted the paean to his prize in trumpet tones, as though he would make old Grunitz hear in his musty den beyond the sea (Henry O. Cabbages and Kings).
U o'z sovrini uchun madhiyani baland ovozda aytdi, go'yo u dengiz bo'yidagi vayrona kulbasidan keksa Grunitsgacha eshittirishga qaror qilgandek.This sentence has all the components of a causative construction.CC with to make can be elliptical in two cases: 1) when there is no causative case: But the hunger-madness made them terrifying, irresistible.Ammo bu ochlik uni dahshatli va chidab bo'lmas holga keltirdi; 2) without the subject of the causative case: ...and were enabled to make a long-desired trip into the virgin East, where miners had not yet appeared....va konchilar hali paydo bo'lmagan toza sharqqa kerakli sayohatni tashkil qilishi mumkin edi (London, J.The White Fang).When the unnamed components of KK can be recovered from the context, we are dealing with manifestations of definiteness / vagueness, not to be confused with ellipticity / non-ellipticity.
According to the precision/uncertainty criterion, branded CCs are mostly precise.In hidden KKs that are make, the previous state is often unknown.The boy, whenever he was not doing anything, moped in the house.It made her uneasy; it made her nervous, she confessed (Conrad, J.The Secret Agent).Bola hech narsa qilmasdan uyda yurardi.Bu uni bezovta qildi, bu uni asabiylashtirganligini tan oldi.In this example, grammatically, the antecedent is formal, that is, it is represented by a dog, and semantically, when referring to the antecedent, it is more clear in a wider context.

METHODS
To conduct this investigation, a corpus of contemporary English texts was compiled, ranging from literary works to everyday communication.Causative verbs were identified and extracted from these texts, and their contextual usage was analyzed to discern the underlying semantic patterns.Additionally, native English speakers participated in a series of surveys and interviews to provide insights into the perceived meanings of causative verbs in different contexts.The analysis showed that the subject of the causative case is an optional component of CC and can often be represented by a pronoun or a noun.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Our analysis revealed a spectrum of lexicalsemantic meanings associated with causative verbs in English.The causative verbs were categorized based on their inherent characteristics and the nuances they imparted to the conveyed actions.Three primary categories emerged: (1) Force and Power, (2) Influence and Persuasion, and (3) Permission and Allowance.Each category encapsulated a cluster of causative verbs, each contributing distinct shades of meaning to the linguistic landscape.

CONCLUSION
The pronoun is the most effective means of expressing the subject of the causative case in CC: It may make him jump through and I would rather he stayed circling now (Hemingway, E. The old man and the sea).Biroq bu uni sakrab chiqishga majbur qilib qo'yishi mumkin, men bo'lsam uning hozir aylana turgani ma'qul deb bilardim (Xeminguey, E. Chol va dengiz.).me: I want to tell you how good it makes me feel to see so many bright, clean little faces assembled in a place like this, learning to do right and be good (Twain M. The adventures of Tom Sawyer).Men sizga ezgulik va haqiqatni o'rgatish uchun muqaddas joyga to'plangan, yasangan, ozoda yosh bolalarni o'z oldimda ko'rishdan xursandligimni bildirmoqchiman (Tven M. Tom Soyerning boshidan kechirganlari).them: They said their prayers inwardly, and lying down, since there was nobody there with authority to make them kneel and recite aloud (Twain M. The adventures of Tom Sawyer).Uyqu oldidagi ibodatlarini yotgan holda yashirin ravishda qildilar, chunki tiz cho'kib bor ovoz bilan o'qitishga majbur qiluvchi kishi yo'q edi (Tven M. Tom Soyerning boshidan kechirganlari).it: "What makes the candle blow so?" said Aunt Polly (Twain M. The adventures of Tom Sawyer)."Bu shamning shu'lasi nega birdan yelpinib qoldi?", dedi Polli xola (Tven M. Tom Soyerning boshidan kechirganlari).you: What makes you ask? Sen buni nima uchun so'rayapsan?((Tven M. Tom Soyerning boshidan kechirganlari) Silnitsky, A. A. Kholodovich, V. S. Khrakovskiy, B. Comrie, M. Shibatani, L. Talmi.Special problems related to KK were also considered in the works of the following linguists: Kalushchenko, O.N.Seliverstova, Y.S.Stepanov, B.Abbot, A.Alsina, V.Kroft, M.Haspelmat, B.Levin, R.H.Malka, T. Sanders, E. Svitser, N. Sumbatova, D. Wunderlich and others.The nature of modern research in the field of semantic syntax testifies to the development of methodological foundations and terminological apparatus of the causal theory.At the same time, different languages have different depths of research on stimulus constructions.