Ethnomedicinal Plants Used by the Populations of the Central High Atlas of Morocco for the Prevention and Relief of the Main Symptoms Similar to Coronavirus Diseases

Abdelaziz Moujane; Abdellah Ouigmane; Elhoucein Layati; Abdelali Boulli

doi:10.55927/eajmr.v1i10.1625

Authors

Abdelaziz Moujane University of Sultan of Moulay Slimane
Abdellah Ouigmane University of Sultan of Moulay Slimane
Elhoucein Layati University of Sultan of Moulay Slimane
Abdelali Boulli University of Sultan of Moulay Slimane

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55927/eajmr.v1i10.1625

Keywords:

Covid-19, Morocco, Medicinal Plants, The Central High Atlas Mountains, Morocco

Abstract

In Morocco, the population has used several medicinal plants to relieve and prevent against covid-19. The data were collected through questionnaires and other means (Telephone, WhatsApp, Facebook).The information collected from the survey also showed that the inhabitants of the Central High Atlas of Azilal use during covid-19 a total of 50 species of medicinal plants belonging to 18 families. Based on the ICF value the five symptoms treated were the fever (ICF = 0.90), followed by cough (ICF = 0.79), headache with (ICF = 0.68), breathing difficulties (ICF = 0.61), diarrhea (ICF=0.31), and fatigue (ICF = 0.22). The results showed that medicinal plants in the study area occupy an important place in the treatment of the principles similar to those of the coronavirus.

References

Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJ, Hsueh PR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) : The epidemic and the challenges . J antimicrobial agents.2020; 55: 105924.

Wang XL, Huang CY, Ren LJ, Zhao YH. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. J the Lancet.2020; 395: 497-506.

Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China .New England journal of medicine.2019; 382:727–733.

Ren LL, Wang YM, Wu ZQ, Xiang ZC, Guo L, Xu T. Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human a descriptive study. Chinese Med.2020; 134: 655.

Carlos WG, Cruz CS, Cao B, Pasnick S, Jamil S. Novel wuhan (2019-nCoV) coronavirus. J of Respi and Critical Care Med.2020; 201: 7-8 .

Wang WJ, Tang F, Wei. Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan . J Chinese Med.2020; 92: 441–447.

Ekor M.The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety . J Fron in Pharmacology.2018; 4 :177.

Birhan W, Giday M, Teklehaymanot T. The contribution of traditional healers' clinics to public health care system in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. J Ethnobiol and Ethno.2011; 7 :39.

Valdés B, Rejdali M, El-Kadmiri A, Jury SL, Montserrat M. Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Nord du Maroc incluant des clés d'identification. Editorial CSIC-CSIC Press.2002.

Rankou H, Culham A, Jury S, Christenhusz MJM. The endemic flora of Morocco. Phytotaxa.2013; 78:169.

Salhi S, Fadli M, Zidane L, Douira A. 2010. Etudes floristique et ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales de la ville de Kénitra (Maroc).Lazaroa.2010; 31 :133-146.

Benlamdini N, Elhafian M, Rochdi A, Zidane L. Étude floristique et ethnobotanique de la flore médicinale du Haut Atlas oriental (Haute Moulouya) . J Appl Biosci .2014 ; 78 :6771–6787.

Yang Y, Islam MS, Wang J, Li Y, Chen X. Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Patients Infected with 2019-New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) : A Review and Perspective . International journal of biological sciences.2020; 16 :708-1717

Han YY, Zhao MR, Shi B, Song ZH, Zhou SP, He Y. Application of integrative 89. medicine protocols on treatment of coronavirus disease. J Chines Traditional and Herbal Drugs.2019; 878-882.

Khaerunnisa S, Kurniawan H, Awaluddin R, Suhartati S,Soetjipto S. Potential Inhibitor of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) from Several Medicinal Plant Compounds by Molecular Docking Study. Preprints.2020; 6-7.

Riou J, Althaus CL. Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020. Eurosurveillance.2020; 25: 20-58.

Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China .New England journal of medicine.2019; 382:727–733.

El Alami A, Farouk L, Chait A. Etude ethnobotanique sur les plantes médicinales spontanées poussant dans le versant nord de l’Atlas d’Azilal (Maroc) . J Nat Products .2016 ; 4 : 271-282.

Bellakhadar J. 1997. La pharmacopée marocaine traditionnelle. Press Ibis, 764 p.

Heinrich M. Ethnopharmacy and natural product research—Multidisciplinary opportunities for research in the metabolomic age. J Phytochemistry Letters.2008; 1-5.

Heinrich M, Ankli A, Frei B, Weimann C, Sticher O. Medicinal plants in Mexico: healers’ consensus and cultural importance.J Social science & medicine.1988 ; 47 : 1859-1871.‏

Phillips O, Gentry AH, Reynel C, Wilkin P, Galvez-Durand B. Quantitative ethnobotany and amazonian; conservation etnobotánica cuantitativa y la onservación de la amazonia. J Conservation Biology. 1994; 8: 225- 248.

Calder PC, Carr AC, Gombart AF, Eggersdorfer M. Optimal nutritional status for a well functioning immune system is an important factor to protect against viral infections. Journal of Nutrients.2020; 12: 1182-1191.

Gasmi A, Noor S, Tippairote T, Dadar M, Menzel A, BjØrklund G. Individual risk management strategy and potential therapeutic options for the COVID-19 pandemic. J Clinical mmunology.2020; 215: 1-9

Jayawardena R, Sooriyaarachchi P, Chourdakis M, Jeewandara C, Ranasinghe P. Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: A review. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome 2020; 14: 367-382.

El Alami A, Chait A. Enquête ethnopharmacologique et ethnobotanique sur les plantes médicinales dans le Haut Atlas central du Maroc .J Nat Products.2017; 5 : 427-445.

Hamamouch N. Use of Ethnomedicinal Plants by the People Living in the Middle Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Journal of Med and Aromat Plants.2020; 9: 349.

El-Midaoui M, Maataoui A, Benbella M, Ait Houssa A, Labazi N. Ethnobotanical study of some aromatic and medicinal plants in the Middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco. J Nat Produts.2011; 6: 1455-1458.

Benkhnigue O, Zidane L, Fadli M, Elyacoubi H, Rochdi A,Douira A. Etude ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales dans la région de Mechraâ Bel Ksiri (Région du Gharb du Maroc). J Acta botánica barcinonensia .2010; 53 :191-21.

Islam k. Anethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used bytribal and native people of Madhupur forest area,Bangladesh. J Ethnopharm.2014 ; 151: 921.

Chaachouay N, Benkhnigue O, Fadli M, ElIbaoui H, ElAyadi R , Zidane L. 2019. Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological study of medicinal and aromatic plants used in the treatment of respiratory system disorders in the Moroccan Rif. J Ethnobot.2019; 18: 1-6.

Bouiamrine E, Bachiri L, Ibijbijen J, Nassiri L .Fresh medicinal plants in the middle atlas of Morocco: Trade and threats to the sustainable harvesting.J Med Plants Studies.2017; 5:123-128

Hmamouchi M. Les plantes médicinales et aromatiques marocaines, utilisation, biologie, écologie, Wang 387p.

Ben Akka F, Salhi S, Benkhnigue O, Dahmani J, Douira A, Lahcen Z. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the region of middle OumRbia (Morocco). J Plant Archives 2019; 19 : 2005-2017.

Daoudi A, Bammou M, Zarkani S, Slimani L, Ibijbijen J, Nassiri L. 2016. Étude ethnobotanique de la flore médicinaledans la commune rurale d’Aguelmouss province de Khénifra (Maroc). Phytothérapie. 2016 ; 14: 220-228.

Chaachouay O, Benkhnigue M, Fadli E, Ayadi R, Zidane L. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat osteo articular diseases in the Moroccan Rif, Morocco. J Pharm and pharmacol.2019; 7 : 545-470.

Mukungu N, Abuga K, Okalebo F, Ingwela R, Mwangi J. Medicinal plants used for management o fmalaria among the Luhya community of KakamegaEastsub-County, Kenya. J Ethnopharmacol.2016;194 : 194.98.

Asase A, Akwetey A, Achel G. Ethnopharmacological use of herbal remedies for the treatment of malaria in the Dangme West District of Ghana. J ethnopharmacol. 2010; 129: 367-376

El Hassani M, Douiri E, Bammi J, Zidane L, Badoc A, Douira A.Plantes médicinales de la Moyenne Moulouya (Nord-Est du Maroc). J Ethnopharmacol.2013 ; 50.

El Hilah F, Ben Akka F, Dahmani J, Belahbib N, Zidane L. Étude ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales utilisées dans le traitement des infections du système respiratoire dans le plateau central marocain. J Animal & Plant Sciences.2005 ; 25 : 3886-3897.

Fredotovíc Z.Chemical composition and biological activity of allium cepaL.And Allium cornutum (ClementiexVisiani 1842) methanolic extracts.Molecules.2017; 22.

Mohamed N, Maideen P. Prophetic Medicine-Nigella Sativa (Black Cumin Seeds). Potential Herb for COVID-19 .J pharmacopunct.2020;23 : 62.

Unlu M, Ergene E, Unlu GV,Zeytinoglu HS, Vural N. Composition,antimicrobial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity of essential oil from Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae).J Food and Chimical Toxicol.2010; 48 :3274‑3280.

Mulyaningsih S, Sporer F, Reichling J, Wink M. Antibacterial activity of essential oils from Eucalyptus and of selected components against multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens.J Pharmaceutical Biology.2011; 49: 893‑899.

Damjanović-Vratnica B, Dakov T, Šuković D, Damjanović J. Antimicrobial effect Of essentialoil isolated from eucalyptus globulus Labill.from Montenegro.Food Sci.2011; 29: 277-284.